[
 {
  "date": "1869",
  "label": "Hamilton Lodge Ball",
  "detail": "Described as the first recorded drag ball in US history.",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_culture",
  "era": "Before 1900"
 },
 {
  "date": "1893",
  "label": "Anti-Saloon League founded",
  "detail": "The single-issue prohibition group starts in Oberlin, Ohio, and goes national after 1895.",
  "source_url": "https://prohibition.osu.edu/anti-saloon-league",
  "era": "Before 1900"
 },
 {
  "date": "1906",
  "label": "State takes control of Boston's Licensing Board",
  "detail": "Chapter 291 of the Acts of 1906 makes the board's three members governor-appointed.",
  "source_url": "https://www.bmrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/licensing712.pdf",
  "era": "1900-1945"
 },
 {
  "date": "1920-01-17",
  "label": "National Prohibition begins",
  "detail": "The Eighteenth Amendment takes effect, one year after ratification.",
  "source_url": "https://britannica.com/topic/Eighteenth-Amendment",
  "era": "1900-1945"
 },
 {
  "date": "1926",
  "label": "New York City cabaret law",
  "detail": "A license is now required for music, singing or dancing where food or drink is sold.",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Cabaret_Law",
  "era": "1900-1945"
 },
 {
  "date": "1927",
  "label": "Cocoanut Grove opens",
  "detail": "The nightclub opens at 17 Piedmont Street, near Park Square.",
  "source_url": "https://content.boston.gov/node/15911711",
  "era": "1900-1945"
 },
 {
  "date": "1933",
  "label": "Liquor license quota created",
  "detail": "Post-Prohibition law gives Boston 1,000 on-premises and 350 off-premises licenses by population.",
  "source_url": "https://static1.squarespace.com/static/6596c4be0f62261a6a63f1c8/t/65a977f880138173ccbf2d8f/1705605114170/OFS+Liquor+License+Report.pdf",
  "era": "1900-1945"
 },
 {
  "date": "1933-12-05",
  "label": "Prohibition repealed",
  "detail": "The Twenty-first Amendment ends federal prohibition, following March's 3.2% beer and wine law.",
  "source_url": "https://britannica.com/topic/Eighteenth-Amendment",
  "era": "1900-1945"
 },
 {
  "date": "1938",
  "label": "Jacques Restaurant opens in Boston",
  "detail": "Later a gay bar, described as Boston's oldest continuously operating gay bar.",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Cabaret",
  "era": "1900-1945"
 },
 {
  "date": "1942-11-28",
  "label": "Cocoanut Grove fire",
  "detail": "A fire at the nightclub kills 492 people, the deadliest disaster in Boston's history per the city.",
  "source_url": "https://content.boston.gov/node/15911711",
  "era": "1900-1945"
 },
 {
  "date": "1942-11-28",
  "label": "Cocoanut Grove fire, Boston",
  "detail": "490 or 492 die in an overcrowded club with locked exits and a jammed revolving door; codes add outward-swinging doors, lit exit signs and revolving-door rules.",
  "source_url": "https://firerescue1.com/fire-chief/articles/how-the-1942-cocoanut-grove-fire-changed-fire-safety-IEafn8KpZFWjm6HA",
  "era": "1900-1945"
 },
 {
  "date": "1949-06",
  "label": "West Berlin abolishes its Sperrstunde",
  "detail": "Allied commandants vote 2 to 1 to end closing time, after lobbying by hotelier Heinz Zellermayer",
  "source_url": "https://www.npr.org/transcripts/1121435229",
  "era": "1945-1980"
 },
 {
  "date": "1955",
  "label": "GDR caps East Berlin hours",
  "detail": "Midnight on weekdays, 1 a.m. on Saturdays",
  "source_url": "https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/article/sperrstunde-in-berlin-70-jahre-party-ohne-ende-in-der-hauptstadt-62097",
  "era": "1945-1980"
 },
 {
  "date": "1964",
  "label": "Title II of the Civil Rights Act",
  "detail": "US law bars race, color, religion and national-origin discrimination in places of entertainment.",
  "source_url": "https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/hce/title2.php",
  "era": "1945-1980"
 },
 {
  "date": "1969-06-28",
  "label": "Stonewall Inn raid",
  "detail": "Police raid begins around 1:15 a.m., starting the riot seen as the catalyst of the modern LGBT civil rights movement.",
  "source_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/DCPD-201600424/pdf/DCPD-201600424.pdf",
  "era": "1945-1980"
 },
 {
  "date": "1969-06-28",
  "label": "Stonewall uprising",
  "detail": "A police raid on a Greenwich Village gay bar sparks several nights of riots and demonstrations.",
  "source_url": "https://www.nps.gov/articles/stonewall-national-monument-rising-for-equality.htm",
  "era": "1945-1980"
 },
 {
  "date": "1970s",
  "label": "Studio 54's 'perfect salad'",
  "detail": "Steve Rubell's door at Studio 54 sets the template for the curated door.",
  "source_url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/music/not-tonight-the-mysteries-of-night-club-door-policies-1.2033093",
  "era": "1945-1980"
 },
 {
  "date": "1970-02-14",
  "label": "The Loft's first party",
  "detail": "David Mancuso's \"Love Saves The Day\" at 647 Broadway, New York.",
  "source_url": "https://ra.co/news/37280",
  "era": "1945-1980"
 },
 {
  "date": "1972",
  "label": "House of LaBeija founded",
  "detail": "Founded in Harlem by Lottie and Crystal LaBeija (some sources say 1977).",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_culture",
  "era": "1945-1980"
 },
 {
  "date": "1974-11-14",
  "label": "Combat Zone approved",
  "detail": "The Boston Zoning Commission approves an official adult entertainment district on lower Washington Street.",
  "source_url": "https://bankerandtradesman.com/this-month-in-history-boston-sets-up-the-combat-zone/",
  "era": "1945-1980"
 },
 {
  "date": "1977-03",
  "label": "Frankie Knuckles at the Warehouse",
  "detail": "Knuckles becomes resident DJ at the Chicago club that gave house music its name.",
  "source_url": "https://www.chicago.gov/content/dam/city/depts/zlup/Historic_Preservation/Publications/The_Warehouse_Report.pdf",
  "era": "1945-1980"
 },
 {
  "date": "1978-01-28",
  "label": "Paradise Garage opens",
  "detail": "Michael Brody's members-only, no-alcohol club opens officially at 84 King Street, with Larry Levan as resident.",
  "source_url": "https://www.nyclgbtsites.org/site/paradise-garage/",
  "era": "1945-1980"
 },
 {
  "date": "1979-07-12",
  "label": "Disco Demolition Night",
  "detail": "Records are blown up at Comiskey Park, Chicago; about 7,000 fans storm the field.",
  "source_url": "https://www.npr.org/2016/07/16/485873750/july-12-1979-the-night-disco-died-or-didnt",
  "era": "1945-1980"
 },
 {
  "date": "1984",
  "label": "Massachusetts bans happy hour",
  "detail": "The state bars free and discounted drink specials as a drunk-driving measure.",
  "source_url": "https://www.axios.com/local/boston/2023/06/20/boston-happy-hour-history-ban",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "1985-10-17",
  "label": "Koire v. Metro Car Wash",
  "detail": "California Supreme Court rules sex-based discounts, including ladies' nights, violate the Unruh Act.",
  "source_url": "https://scocal.stanford.edu/opinion/koire-v-metro-car-wash-28485",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "1988",
  "label": "\"Techno!\" and the second summer of love",
  "detail": "A UK compilation names the Detroit sound as the acid house boom peaks.",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno!_The_New_Dance_Sound_of_Detroit",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "1988",
  "label": "Bottle service in Paris",
  "detail": "Les Bains Douches offers table reservations with a bottle, according to VinePair.",
  "source_url": "https://vinepair.com/articles/history-of-bottle-service/",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "1990-03-25",
  "label": "Happy Land fire, Bronx",
  "detail": "Arson at an illegal social club with no certificate of occupancy kills 87; both exits were at the front.",
  "source_url": "https://www.fireengineering.com/firefighter-training/happy-land-fire-have-we-learned-the-lessons/",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "1990-09-13",
  "label": "Paris Is Burning premieres",
  "detail": "Jennie Livingston's ballroom documentary premieres at Toronto; it wins the Sundance Grand Jury Prize in 1991.",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Is_Burning_(film)",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "1991-03",
  "label": "Tresor opens in Berlin",
  "detail": "A techno club in the vaults of the former Wertheim department store becomes the Berlin hub of Detroit techno.",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tresor_(club)",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "1993",
  "label": "Bottle service reaches New York",
  "detail": "The Tunnel introduces bottle service at $90 a bottle, when a drink cost $6.",
  "source_url": "https://vinepair.com/articles/history-of-bottle-service/",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "1994-11-03",
  "label": "\"Repetitive beats\" law",
  "detail": "The UK Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 receives royal assent.",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Justice_and_Public_Order_Act_1994",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "1996-11",
  "label": "Mixmag on DJ fees",
  "detail": "Mixmag reports top UK DJs asking £8,000-£15,000 for New Year's Eve.",
  "source_url": "https://909originals.com/2021/01/28/money-money-money-has-clubland-gone-too-commercial-november-1996/",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "1999",
  "label": "fabric starts a no-photo policy",
  "detail": "London club bans photos and video on its dancefloors; later lapses and is reinstated before 2021.",
  "source_url": "https://mixmag.net/feature/photos-videos-banned-dancefloor-nightclubs",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "2001",
  "label": "Private Security Industry Act",
  "detail": "UK law behind the SIA door supervisor licence.",
  "source_url": "https://www.regulated-professions.service.gov.uk/professions/door-supervisor",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "2003",
  "label": "California limits swiped ID data",
  "detail": "Civil Code 1798.90.1 bars keeping swiped license data except for listed purposes.",
  "source_url": "https://www.eff.org/files/2026/06/26/201720180ab2769_senate_floor_analyses_1.pdf",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "2003-02",
  "label": "Berlin plans weekend all-night U-Bahn",
  "detail": "BVG submitted plans for continuous weekend night service, targeted for the June 2003 timetable change.",
  "source_url": "https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/nachts-u-bahn-fahren-statt-bus-nur-strieder-muss-noch-zustimmen-976330.html",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "2003-02-17",
  "label": "E2 crowd crush, Chicago",
  "detail": "21 die on the only open stairway after pepper spray is used on a fight.",
  "source_url": "https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/science/chicago-nightclub-stampede",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "2003-02-20",
  "label": "The Station fire, West Warwick, Rhode Island",
  "detail": "Band pyrotechnics ignite foam in an unsprinklered club; 100 die.",
  "source_url": "https://www.nist.gov/disaster-failure-studies/station-nightclub-fire-2003",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "2003-03-30",
  "label": "NYC smoking ban reaches bars and clubs",
  "detail": "Pushed by Mayor Michael Bloomberg, it extends to all workplaces.",
  "source_url": "https://www2.ljworld.com/news/2003/mar/30/nyc_begins_smoking/",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "2003-07",
  "label": "Rhode Island Comprehensive Fire Safety Act",
  "detail": "Ends grandfathering; sprinklers required in clubs over 150 by 2006; indoor pyrotechnics largely banned.",
  "source_url": "https://www.contractormag.com/piping/fire-sprinklers/article/20877861/ri-passes-fire-sprinkler-retrofit-law",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "2003-07-26",
  "label": "NFPA emergency amendments",
  "detail": "Sprinklers in new nightclubs and existing ones over 100; crowd managers in all assembly occupancies.",
  "source_url": "https://firerescue1.com:443/firefighting-history/articles/station-nightclub-fire-lessons-code-changes-follow-tragedy-VsJH1dv8rXfbtUlG",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "2004",
  "label": "SIA licence fee set",
  "detail": "UK door supervisor licence fee set at £190, still unchanged as of 2023.",
  "source_url": "https://gov.uk/government/publications/recruitment-and-retention-in-the-door-supervision-sector/sector-profile-recruitment-and-retention-in-the-door-supervision-sector-web-version",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "2004-08-17",
  "label": "Massachusetts nightclub fire safety law",
  "detail": "Sprinklers for clubs of 100 or more within three years; criminal penalties for blocked exits and overcrowding.",
  "source_url": "https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/east/2004/08/17/45020.htm",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "2005-08",
  "label": "NFPA 101 2006 edition issued",
  "detail": "Nightclub sprinkler rules made permanent in the Life Safety Code and NFPA 5000.",
  "source_url": "https://www.fireengineering.com/fire-safety/nfpa-key-safety-codes-to-require-fire-sprinklers-in-all-nursing-homes-new-dwellings-and-many-nightclubs",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "2005-11",
  "label": "Licensing Act 2003 takes effect in England and Wales",
  "detail": "Fixed closing times end; premises are licensed for set hours, up to 24.",
  "source_url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/written-ministerial-statement-by-andy-burnham-on-the-evaluation-of-the-impact-of-the-licensing-act-2003",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "2005-11-24",
  "label": "England and Wales end the 11 p.m. pub close",
  "detail": "The Licensing Act 2003 takes effect at midnight, allowing flexible hours set per premises",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensing_Act_2003",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "2006-08-23",
  "label": "NYC 'Bouncer Bill' signed",
  "detail": "City may close venues with unlicensed or unchecked security staff.",
  "source_url": "https://www.amny.com/news/clubs-without-proper-security-will-face-closure-under-new-law",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "2006-10",
  "label": "Milwaukee nightclub consent decree",
  "detail": "Justice Department settles race-based door refusal case.",
  "source_url": "https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2006/October/06_crt_741.html",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "2007",
  "label": "Avalon and Axis demolished",
  "detail": "The 15 Lansdowne Street club building comes down; a concert hall opens on the site in 2009.",
  "source_url": "https://www.mmone.org/15-lansdowne-street/",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "2007-07-01",
  "label": "England bans smoking in pubs and clubs",
  "detail": "Health Act 2006 takes effect at 06:00 BST.",
  "source_url": "https://nl.ra.co/news/8738",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "2008",
  "label": "Newcastle, NSW imposes 3:30 a.m. close and 1:30 a.m. lockout",
  "detail": "Applied to 14 central venues; monthly assaults later fell from 33 to 22.",
  "source_url": "https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/09/100915205720.htm",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "2008-01-01",
  "label": "Berlin smoking law in force",
  "detail": "Bans smoking in clubs except in enclosed smoking rooms; a 2009 amendment adds a small-bar exception.",
  "source_url": "https://www.berlin.de/lb/drogen-sucht/gesetze/nichtraucherschutzgesetz/berliner-nichtraucherschutzgesetz/",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "2008-02",
  "label": "Virginia Beach nightspot consent decree",
  "detail": "Justice Department settles case over a hairstyle-based dress code.",
  "source_url": "https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2008/February/08_crt_109.html",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "2008-03",
  "label": "Newcastle, NSW restricts late trading",
  "detail": "3:30 a.m. close and 1:30 a.m. lockout for 14 city-center venues",
  "source_url": "https://theconversation.com/earlier-pub-closing-times-key-to-reducing-alcohol-fuelled-assaults-23829",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "2008-06-17",
  "label": "Paris sets bar closing between 2 and 5 a.m.",
  "detail": "Police-prefect order; later hours by exception",
  "source_url": "https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dyn/13/questions/QANR5L13QE40201",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "2009-04-01",
  "label": "Amsterdam lets two nightlife areas stay open later",
  "detail": "Researchers later linked each extra hour to about 34% more alcohol-related ambulance call-outs.",
  "source_url": "https://www.euda.europa.eu/best-practice/xchange/extending-opening-hours-premise-alcohol-sales_en",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "2009-12-23",
  "label": "France sets 7 a.m. nightclub limit",
  "detail": "Decree 2009-1652; no alcohol sales in the last 90 minutes",
  "source_url": "https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dyn/13/questions/QANR5L13QE40201",
  "era": "1980-2010"
 },
 {
  "date": "2010",
  "label": "Equality Act 2010",
  "detail": "UK law bars service providers from discriminatory refusal of service.",
  "source_url": "https://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/section/29",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2010-09-03",
  "label": "Vienna starts all-night weekend U-Bahn",
  "detail": "Followed a February 2010 city poll with 54% in favor.",
  "source_url": "https://theviennareview.at/archives/2010/viennas-new-nightriders",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2012",
  "label": "Hawaii limits ID barcode scanning",
  "detail": "HRS 487J restricts what venues may scan and keep.",
  "source_url": "https://www.acluhi.org/?p=1870",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2013",
  "label": "The Loop starts non-public drug testing in nightclubs",
  "detail": "Festival testing followed from 2014; public pilots ran 2016 to 2018.",
  "source_url": "https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/law-and-social-justice/blog/The-End-of-the-Pilot-Stage/",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2013-01",
  "label": "Kiss nightclub fire, Santa Maria, Brazil",
  "detail": "Outdoor flares ignite ceiling foam; 242 die.",
  "source_url": "https://congressoemfoco.com.br/noticia/62416/camara-aprova-regras-para-funcionamento-de-boates",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2014",
  "label": "Good Night Out co-founded",
  "detail": "Bryony Beynon starts the venue staff-training campaign on sexual harassment.",
  "source_url": "https://timeout.com/london/nightlife/meet-the-people-trying-to-make-london-nightlife-safer-in-2022",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2014",
  "label": "Glasgow disability door ruling",
  "detail": "Sheriff Court upholds discrimination claim by a couple refused entry.",
  "source_url": "https://tfn.scot/news/disabled-charity-workers-win-discrimination-case-against-glasgow-nightclub",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2014",
  "label": "MBTA late-night pilot begins",
  "detail": "Weekend subway and 15 bus routes ran until about 2:30 a.m.; the pilot ended in 2016 over cost.",
  "source_url": "https://www.wbur.org/news/2025/08/12/mbta-late-night-service-bus-t",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2014-01",
  "label": "Sydney lockout and last-drinks reforms",
  "detail": "A 2019 evaluation found assaults down sharply in Kings Cross but up in nearby areas.",
  "source_url": "https://bocsar.nsw.gov.au/research-evaluations/2019/bb142-the-effect-of-lockout-and-last-drinks-laws-on-non-domestic-assaults-in-sydney.html",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2014-02-24",
  "label": "Sydney lockout laws take effect",
  "detail": "1:30 a.m. lockout and 3 a.m. last drinks in the CBD precinct and Kings Cross",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_lockout_laws",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2014-03",
  "label": "Late Night T begins",
  "detail": "The MBTA starts a pilot of weekend subway and bus service until about 2:30 a.m.",
  "source_url": "https://www.wbur.org/news/2025/08/12/mbta-late-night-service-bus-t",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2014-08",
  "label": "Boston gets 75 licenses and its own board",
  "detail": "A state economic development bill adds licenses and lets the mayor appoint the Licensing Board.",
  "source_url": "https://www.wbur.org/news/2014/08/01/walsh-boston-liquor-licenses",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2015",
  "label": "Marquardt calls the Berghain door 'subjective'",
  "detail": "Interview with GQ, reported by Mixmag.",
  "source_url": "https://mixmag.net/read/this-is-what-berghains-bouncers-look-for-in-a-clubber-news",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2015",
  "label": "Vegas superclubs top $100 million",
  "detail": "XS and Hakkasan each gross over $100 million a year, per Nightclub & Bar.",
  "source_url": "https://www.lasvegasadvisor.com/question/how-big-nightclub-business-las-vegas/",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2015-10-30",
  "label": "Colectiv fire, Bucharest",
  "detail": "Pyrotechnics ignite foam in a club licensed for 80; 64 die and the government resigns.",
  "source_url": "https://www.electronicbeats.net/after-the-fire-how-the-colectiv-tragedy-changed-bucharest/",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2016",
  "label": "Ask for Angela launches",
  "detail": "Code-phrase scheme starts in Lincolnshire, England; expands across London in August 2021.",
  "source_url": "https://timeout.com/london/nightlife/meet-the-people-trying-to-make-london-nightlife-safer-in-2022",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2016",
  "label": "Ask for Angela launched in Lincolnshire",
  "detail": "Created by Hayley Crawford; later spread across the UK and abroad.",
  "source_url": "https://www.hellorayo.co.uk/clyde/uk/news/angela-is-now-saving-other-people-the-lincolnshire-scheme-that-went-global",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2016-02-29",
  "label": "Late Night T voted out",
  "detail": "The MBTA's control board votes 4-0 to end late-night service; last runs about March 18.",
  "source_url": "https://www.wgbh.org/news/politics/2016-02-29/back-to-the-midnight-ride-mbta-kills-late-night-service",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2016-02-29",
  "label": "MBTA board votes to end late-night weekend service",
  "detail": "The 4-0 vote ended Boston's 2014 pilot, citing maintenance time and cost.",
  "source_url": "https://www.boston.com/news/local-news/2016/02/29/mbta-cancels-late-night-weekend-service/",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2016-06",
  "label": "Record DJ earnings",
  "detail": "Calvin Harris earns an estimated $63 million in 12 months, a Guinness record based on Forbes.",
  "source_url": "https://guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/112929-highest-paid-dj-in-one-year",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2016-06-23",
  "label": "Japan allows all-night dancing",
  "detail": "Fueiho amendment lets clubs above 10 lux open 24 hours outside residential areas",
  "source_url": "https://factmag.com/2016/06/23/japan-clubs-now-able-to-open-till-5am-after-67-year-old-law-lifted",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2016-06-24",
  "label": "Stonewall National Monument designated",
  "detail": "President Obama signs Proclamation 9465.",
  "source_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/DCPD-201600424/pdf/DCPD-201600424.pdf",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2016-08-19",
  "label": "London Night Tube launches",
  "detail": "Central and Victoria lines first, with Jubilee, Northern and Piccadilly that autumn.",
  "source_url": "https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/night-tube-services-will-launch-on-19-august",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2017-03-31",
  "label": "Brazil publishes Lei Kiss",
  "detail": "Law 13.425/2017 sets national fire rules for places of public assembly, with 12 vetoes.",
  "source_url": "https://diariodonordeste.verdesmares.com.br/ultima-hora/pais/lei-kiss-e-sancionada-por-temer-com-12-vetos-1.1730801",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2017-07",
  "label": "Massachusetts casinos get 4 a.m.",
  "detail": "State budget signed by Gov. Charlie Baker allows casino service until 4 a.m.",
  "source_url": "https://www.boston25news.com/news/new-law-allows-casinos-to-serve-alcohol-until-4-am/564819136/",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2017-11-27",
  "label": "New York repeals the cabaret law",
  "detail": "Mayor de Blasio signs the repeal after a 44-1 council vote on October 31.",
  "source_url": "https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/de-blasio-signs-repeal-cabaret-law",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2018-09",
  "label": "Gov. Jerry Brown vetoes California SB 905",
  "detail": "\"Enough mischief from midnight to 2\"; the only one of Wiener's four bills to reach a veto",
  "source_url": "https://www.kqed.org/arts/13841872/jerry-brown-vetoes-4am-nightlife-bill-for-california-cities",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2019-01-24",
  "label": "New York publishes its first nightlife economic study",
  "detail": "$35.1 billion in output and 299,000 jobs, using 2016 data.",
  "source_url": "https://www.nyc.gov/site/mome/news/01242019-nightlife-study.page",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2019-02-18",
  "label": "NYC natural hair guidance",
  "detail": "Commission on Human Rights says nightclubs cannot bar natural hairstyles.",
  "source_url": "https://www.nyc.gov/site/dca/news/011-19/nyc-commission-human-rights-new-protections-enforcement-actions-against",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2020-03-16",
  "label": "Bars close in the New York area",
  "detail": "New York, New Jersey and Connecticut end on-premises bar and restaurant service at 8 p.m.",
  "source_url": "https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/amid-lack-federal-direction-governor-cuomo-governor-murphy-and-governor-lamont-announce",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2020-03-23",
  "label": "UK clubs ordered closed",
  "detail": "Nightclubs and music venues in the UK are ordered to close.",
  "source_url": "https://www.nao.org.uk/press-release/investigation-into-the-culture-recovery-fund/",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2020-05-06",
  "label": "New York subway closes overnight",
  "detail": "First overnight closure in its 116-year history, for COVID cleaning.",
  "source_url": "https://www.mta.info/press-release/mta-restore-24-hour-subway-service-monday-may-17",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2020-07",
  "label": "Culture Recovery Fund announced",
  "detail": "The UK announces a £1.57 billion Culture Recovery Fund.",
  "source_url": "https://www.nao.org.uk/press-release/investigation-into-the-culture-recovery-fund/",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2020-10",
  "label": "First Culture Recovery round",
  "detail": "£257 million goes to 1,300+ English organizations; the NTIA says few dance clubs were funded.",
  "source_url": "https://www.vice.com/en/article/which-clubs-received-funding-257-million-government-arts-fund/",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2020-10-28",
  "label": "Lesbian Bar Project launches",
  "detail": "Counts 15 lesbian bars in the US, down from about 200 in the 1980s.",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian_Bar_Project",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2020-12-27",
  "label": "SVOG created",
  "detail": "Congress passes $15 billion for the Shuttered Venue Operators Grant.",
  "source_url": "https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/2021-06-17_R46689_cd040556633edd915699afd83ad4f1e1c18fd94d.html",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2021",
  "label": "UK spiking reports peak",
  "detail": "Police-recorded spiking reports peaked in autumn 2021.",
  "source_url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/understanding-and-tackling-spiking/report-understanding-and-tackling-spiking-accessible",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2021-04-08",
  "label": "SVOG portal crashes",
  "detail": "The SVOG application portal opens, crashes, and reopens April 26.",
  "source_url": "https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/2021-06-17_R46689_cd040556633edd915699afd83ad4f1e1c18fd94d.html",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2021-05-17",
  "label": "New York restores 24-hour subway service",
  "detail": "Service resumed at 2 a.m.",
  "source_url": "https://www.mta.info/press-release/mta-restore-24-hour-subway-service-monday-may-17",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2021-07-19",
  "label": "England's clubs reopen",
  "detail": "Nightclubs in England reopen at midnight after closing in March 2020.",
  "source_url": "https://djmag.com/news/clubs-england-reopen-covid-19-restrictions-are-lifted",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2021-10-01",
  "label": "SIA top-up training",
  "detail": "Renewal requires counter-terror, emergency and first aid training.",
  "source_url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/news/top-up-training-introduced-for-door-supervisors-and-security-guards",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2022-04",
  "label": "GHB moved to Class B in the UK",
  "detail": "One of the measures listed in the Home Office spiking report.",
  "source_url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/understanding-and-tackling-spiking/report-understanding-and-tackling-spiking-accessible",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2022-07-05",
  "label": "SVOG totals",
  "detail": "The SBA reports $14.57 billion in SVOG awards.",
  "source_url": "https://www.sba.gov/sites/sbagov/files/2022-07/SVOG%20Public%20Report%20-%20Midday%205%20July%202022-508_0.pdf",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2022-08-24",
  "label": "California SB 930 stalls",
  "detail": "28 yes, 29 no on the Assembly floor, needing 41",
  "source_url": "https://sfstandard.com/2022/08/24/pour-one-out-for-san-franciscos-4-a-m-bar-bill-its-dead/",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2022-10-29",
  "label": "Itaewon crowd crush, Seoul",
  "detail": "159 killed in the alleys of a nightlife district on Halloween weekend.",
  "source_url": "https://www.rappler.com/world/asia-pacific/south-korea-police-wrap-up-investigation-itaewon-halloween-crush/",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2023",
  "label": "Berlin inspections find poor smoking compliance",
  "detail": "District inspections report a high need for action in many clubs.",
  "source_url": "https://www.berlin.de/ba-mitte/aktuelles/pressemitteilungen/2023/pressemitteilung.1357644.php",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2023-03",
  "label": "Miami Beach rolls back South of Fifth to 2 a.m.",
  "detail": "Venues over 100 capacity lose 5 a.m. sales; a judge upholds the rule",
  "source_url": "https://www.cbsnews.com/miami/news/judge-miami-beach-can-end-liquor-sales-in-area-at-2-a-m",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2023-03-03",
  "label": "First Director of Nightlife Economy",
  "detail": "Corean Reynolds starts as Boston's first nightlife director.",
  "source_url": "https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/news/boston-nightlife-economy-director-equity/643727/",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2023-05",
  "label": "Massachusetts senators push to fund test kits",
  "detail": "State senators sought kits for nightlife venues; DPH says none were bought.",
  "source_url": "https://www.wbur.org/news/2025/01/13/massachusetts-public-health-drink-spiking-prevention-assault",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2023-06",
  "label": "$600,000 Boston license",
  "detail": "A Boston full-bar liquor license sells for $600,000.",
  "source_url": "https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/06/26/business/who-loses-when-liquor-license-boston-sells-600000",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2024-01-27",
  "label": "UK's first licensed regular drug checking service opens",
  "detail": "The Loop, Home Office-licensed and council-commissioned, in Bristol.",
  "source_url": "https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/law-and-social-justice/blog/The-End-of-the-Pilot-Stage/",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2024-09-11",
  "label": "225 new Boston licenses",
  "detail": "Gov. Healey signs a law creating 225 licenses, mostly non-transferable and neighborhood-restricted.",
  "source_url": "https://www.boston.gov/node/16238746",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2024-11",
  "label": "UK nightclub count falls",
  "detail": "NTIA counts 835 UK nightclubs, down from 1,240 in March 2020.",
  "source_url": "https://mixmag.net/read/april-tax-nightclubs-closing-statistics-ntia-autumn-budget-news",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2024-12",
  "label": "Massachusetts DPH reports against bulk-buying test kits",
  "detail": "Report to the Legislature favored awareness campaigns and staff bystander training.",
  "source_url": "https://www.wbur.org/news/2025/01/13/massachusetts-public-health-drink-spiking-prevention-assault",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2025-02",
  "label": "First new neighborhood licenses issued",
  "detail": "Boston awards 37 restricted licenses in Mattapan, Roxbury, Hyde Park and East Boston.",
  "source_url": "https://www.bostonglobe.com/2025/02/13/business/boston-issues-36-new-liquor-licenses-restaurants-community-groups-mattapan-east-boston",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2025-03-20",
  "label": "Berlin door study",
  "detail": "Journal of Marketing study 'Curating the Crowd' decodes Berlin door selection.",
  "source_url": "https://www.bath.ac.uk/announcements/study-reveals-the-elusive-paradox-of-gaining-entry-to-berlins-techno-clubs/",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2025-08-24",
  "label": "T runs about an hour later on weekends",
  "detail": "Subway and some bus service extended on Friday and Saturday nights as a permanent schedule change.",
  "source_url": "https://www.wbur.org/news/2025/08/12/mbta-late-night-service-bus-t",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2025-08-24",
  "label": "MBTA runs subway about an hour later on weekends",
  "detail": "All four lines run later on Friday and Saturday nights, at about $2 million a year.",
  "source_url": "https://www.wbur.org/news/2025/08/12/mbta-late-night-service-bus-t",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2025-08-24",
  "label": "MBTA adds about an hour of weekend service",
  "detail": "Subway and some bus and Silver Line routes run later Friday and Saturday nights.",
  "source_url": "https://www.wbur.org/news/2025/08/12/mbta-late-night-service-bus-t",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2025-11",
  "label": "Sober Sunday party draws a queue in Berlin",
  "detail": "The Observer reports a 6 p.m. line for an alcohol-free party edition.",
  "source_url": "https://www.magzter.com/fr/stories/newspaper/The-Observer/BERLIN-CLUBS-KICK-THE-DRUG-HABIT-AS-SOBER-NIGHTS-LURE-THE-CROWDS",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2026",
  "label": "Berlin break-even share falls",
  "detail": "Clubcommission survey: 61% of Berlin clubs break even, down from 79% in 2017 (secondary summary).",
  "source_url": "https://www.technoairlines.com/blog/berlin-clubs-closing-2026-clubcommission-study",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2026-01-21",
  "label": "NSW abolishes the last lockout-era rules",
  "detail": "Twelve years to the day after the lockouts were announced",
  "source_url": "https://www.nsw.gov.au/departments-and-agencies/dciths/ministerial-media-releases/end-of-an-era-last-drinks-for-remaining-lockout-laws",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2026-01-27",
  "label": "London Nightlife Taskforce reports",
  "detail": "23 recommendations, including an independent Nightlife Commission.",
  "source_url": "https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/publications/2026/jan/london-nightlife-taskforce",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2026-04-29",
  "label": "UK spiking offence becomes law",
  "detail": "The Crime and Policing Act, creating an offence of administering a harmful substance, received Royal Assent.",
  "source_url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/crime-and-policing-bill-2025-factsheets/crime-and-policing-bill-spiking-factsheet-moj",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2026-06",
  "label": "3 a.m. last call for the summer",
  "detail": "A temporary state law lets eligible Boston bars serve to 3 a.m. through July 31, 2026; a council measure for permanent 3 a.m. follows in late June.",
  "source_url": "https://www.wbur.org/news/2026/06/11/boston-last-call-3-am-michelle-wu",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2026-06-08",
  "label": "Massachusetts temporary 3 a.m. option",
  "detail": "Opt-in extra hour for cities and towns, expiring at the end of July 2026",
  "source_url": "https://www.wbur.org/news/2026/06/09/massachusetts-alcohol-laws-last-call-world-cup",
  "era": "2010-now"
 },
 {
  "date": "2026-06-11",
  "label": "Ontario allows 4 a.m. for the World Cup",
  "detail": "Bars and restaurants may sell until 4 a.m. through July 19, 2026",
  "source_url": "https://1059theregion.com/ontario-bars-restaurants-will-be-able-to-sell-alcohol-until-4-a-m-during-world-cup/",
  "era": "2010-now"
 }
]