[
 {
  "title": "City of Boston: Office of Nightlife Economy",
  "url": "https://www.boston.gov/departments/nightlife-economy",
  "type": "official",
  "topic": "boston",
  "why": "The city's nightlife programs, grants and pilots."
 },
 {
  "title": "City of Boston: New liquor licenses (2024 law)",
  "url": "https://www.boston.gov/node/16238746",
  "type": "official",
  "topic": "boston",
  "why": "How the 225 licenses are split and how to apply."
 },
 {
  "title": "MGL Chapter 138, Section 12",
  "url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleXX/Chapter138/Section12",
  "type": "law",
  "topic": "boston",
  "why": "The statute behind the 2 a.m. closing time."
 },
 {
  "title": "City of Boston: Annual Entertainment License",
  "url": "https://www.boston.gov/permitting/permits/annual-entertainment-license",
  "type": "official",
  "topic": "boston",
  "why": "Categories, fees and hearings for DJs, bands and TVs."
 },
 {
  "title": "License to Succeed (2022)",
  "url": "https://static1.squarespace.com/static/6596c4be0f62261a6a63f1c8/t/65a977f880138173ccbf2d8f/1705605114170/OFS+Liquor+License+Report.pdf",
  "type": "report",
  "topic": "boston",
  "why": "A history of Boston's license laws by session law, with distribution data."
 },
 {
  "title": "Boston Municipal Research Bureau on the Licensing Board (2012)",
  "url": "https://www.bmrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/licensing712.pdf",
  "type": "report",
  "topic": "boston",
  "why": "The 1906 state takeover of the board, explained."
 },
 {
  "title": "Cocoanut Grove Memorial Committee",
  "url": "https://www.cocoanutgrove.org/memorial",
  "type": "memorial",
  "topic": "boston",
  "why": "The memorial design, names and dedication plans."
 },
 {
  "title": "GBH: The end of Late Night T (2016)",
  "url": "https://www.wgbh.org/news/politics/2016-02-29/back-to-the-midnight-ride-mbta-kills-late-night-service",
  "type": "news",
  "topic": "boston",
  "why": "The vote and the subsidy numbers that ended late-night subway service."
 },
 {
  "title": "Music Museum of New England: 15 Lansdowne Street",
  "url": "https://www.mmone.org/15-lansdowne-street/",
  "type": "history",
  "topic": "boston",
  "why": "The Lansdowne Street club building from 1969 to 2007."
 },
 {
  "title": "Proclamation 9465: Stonewall National Monument (2016)",
  "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/DCPD-201600424/pdf/DCPD-201600424.pdf",
  "type": "official document",
  "topic": "culture",
  "why": "The federal record of the 1969 raid and why it matters."
 },
 {
  "title": "Mattson, 'Are Gay Bars Closing?' (Socius, 2019)",
  "url": "https://digitalcommons.oberlin.edu/faculty_schol/4288",
  "type": "academic paper",
  "topic": "culture",
  "why": "The most-cited count of US gay bar listings, with its own caveats."
 },
 {
  "title": "Marketplace on Long Live Queer Nightlife (2024)",
  "url": "https://www.marketplace.org/story/2024/06/13/gay-bars-closing-queer-nightlife",
  "type": "article",
  "topic": "culture",
  "why": "Amin Ghaziani on why gay bars close and how club nights fill the gap."
 },
 {
  "title": "Mixmag: 6 clubs that ban dancefloor photography (2021)",
  "url": "https://mixmag.net/feature/photos-videos-banned-dancefloor-nightclubs",
  "type": "article",
  "topic": "culture",
  "why": "Who stickers phones, since when, and why."
 },
 {
  "title": "Dazed: Could phone-free clubs save nightlife? (2025)",
  "url": "https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/65996/1/could-phone-free-clubs-save-nightlife-dancefloor-ambers-manchester-berlin",
  "type": "article",
  "topic": "culture",
  "why": "How a UK club enforces a total filming ban."
 },
 {
  "title": "Sub Club: the warm-up set (2013)",
  "url": "https://subclub.co.uk/?p=3326",
  "type": "venue blog",
  "topic": "culture",
  "why": "A resident-led club on the craft of opening a night."
 },
 {
  "title": "Time Out London: making nightlife safer (2022)",
  "url": "https://timeout.com/london/nightlife/meet-the-people-trying-to-make-london-nightlife-safer-in-2022",
  "type": "article",
  "topic": "culture",
  "why": "Good Night Out, Don't Be a Creep and Ask for Angela, with criticism."
 },
 {
  "title": "Berliner Nichtraucherschutzgesetz",
  "url": "https://www.berlin.de/lb/drogen-sucht/gesetze/nichtraucherschutzgesetz/berliner-nichtraucherschutzgesetz/",
  "type": "official law page",
  "topic": "culture",
  "why": "Berlin's smoking rules for clubs and small bars."
 },
 {
  "title": "Reuters on London clubbers drinking less (2026)",
  "url": "https://cyprus-mail.com/2026/04/10/london-clubbers-waning-thirst-for-alcohol-forces-nightlife-industry-to-get-more-creative",
  "type": "article",
  "topic": "culture",
  "why": "UK venue numbers and what drinking less does to a bar's takings."
 },
 {
  "title": "Curating the Crowd - Berlin club door study (University of Bath)",
  "url": "https://www.bath.ac.uk/announcements/study-reveals-the-elusive-paradox-of-gaining-entry-to-berlins-techno-clubs/",
  "type": "research",
  "topic": "door",
  "why": "The only peer-reviewed look at how selective doors decide"
 },
 {
  "title": "Title II of the Civil Rights Act (DOJ)",
  "url": "https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/hce/title2.php",
  "type": "law",
  "topic": "door",
  "why": "What US federal law does and does not cover at the door"
 },
 {
  "title": "Massachusetts c.272 s.98",
  "url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartIV/TitleI/Chapter272/Section98",
  "type": "law",
  "topic": "door",
  "why": "The state's public-accommodation anti-discrimination law"
 },
 {
  "title": "Massachusetts c.138 s.34B",
  "url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleXX/Chapter138/Section34B",
  "type": "law",
  "topic": "door",
  "why": "Fake ID penalties and the reasonable-reliance shield"
 },
 {
  "title": "NYC hair discrimination guidance",
  "url": "https://www.nyc.gov/site/cchr/law/hair-discrimination-legal-guidance.page",
  "type": "guidance",
  "topic": "door",
  "why": "Plain-language examples of unlawful dress codes"
 },
 {
  "title": "Equality Act 2010 s.29",
  "url": "https://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/section/29",
  "type": "law",
  "topic": "door",
  "why": "The UK rule against discriminatory refusal of service"
 },
 {
  "title": "UK Regulated Professions - Door supervisor",
  "url": "https://www.regulated-professions.service.gov.uk/professions/door-supervisor",
  "type": "official",
  "topic": "door",
  "why": "SIA licence requirements, fee and term"
 },
 {
  "title": "Massachusetts 527 CMR excerpt (crowd managers)",
  "url": "https://www.mass.gov/doc/excerptsoffirecode527cmrpdf/download",
  "type": "official",
  "topic": "door",
  "why": "Crowd manager rules for bars and clubs"
 },
 {
  "title": "California AB 2769 Senate analysis",
  "url": "https://www.eff.org/files/2026/06/26/201720180ab2769_senate_floor_analyses_1.pdf",
  "type": "official",
  "topic": "door",
  "why": "History of ID scanner privacy limits in California"
 },
 {
  "title": "Business Queensland - ID scanner re-entry",
  "url": "https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industries/hospitality-tourism-sport/liquor-gaming/liquor/compliance/security/id-scanners/re-entry",
  "type": "official",
  "topic": "door",
  "why": "A worked example of regulated scanners and re-entry stamps"
 },
 {
  "title": "NYC Nightlife Economic Impact Report 2019",
  "url": "https://www.nyc.gov/assets/mome/pdf/NYC_Nightlife_Economic_Impact_Report_2019_digital.pdf",
  "type": "report",
  "topic": "economy",
  "why": "The first official count of a US city's nightlife economy."
 },
 {
  "title": "GLA: London at Night evidence base",
  "url": "https://www.london.gov.uk/business-and-economy-publications/london-night-evidence-base-24-hour-city",
  "type": "data",
  "topic": "economy",
  "why": "London's official data on night workers, businesses and spending."
 },
 {
  "title": "London Nightlife Taskforce",
  "url": "https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/publications/2026/jan/london-nightlife-taskforce",
  "type": "report",
  "topic": "economy",
  "why": "The 2026 recommendations behind London's Nightlife Commission."
 },
 {
  "title": "Volterra: Night Tube economic case",
  "url": "https://volterra.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Night-Tube-economic-impacts-executive-summary-1.pdf",
  "type": "report",
  "topic": "economy",
  "why": "How a city argues for all-night trains that lose money on fares."
 },
 {
  "title": "BOCSAR: lockout and last drinks evaluation, 2019",
  "url": "https://bocsar.nsw.gov.au/research-evaluations/2019/bb142-the-effect-of-lockout-and-last-drinks-laws-on-non-domestic-assaults-in-sydney.html",
  "type": "research",
  "topic": "economy",
  "why": "The official evaluation of Sydney's lockout laws, including displacement."
 },
 {
  "title": "EUDA Xchange: extending on-premise opening hours",
  "url": "https://www.euda.europa.eu/best-practice/xchange/extending-opening-hours-premise-alcohol-sales_en",
  "type": "research",
  "topic": "economy",
  "why": "The EU drugs agency's summary of the evidence on trading hours."
 },
 {
  "title": "NBER: ridesharing and alcohol-related fatalities",
  "url": "https://www.nber.org/digest/202109/ridesharings-effect-alcohol-related-us-traffic-fatalities",
  "type": "research",
  "topic": "economy",
  "why": "The largest ride-hail and drunk-driving study, using Uber trip data."
 },
 {
  "title": "Morrison et al.: ridesharing and crashes in 4 US cities",
  "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6248466",
  "type": "research",
  "topic": "economy",
  "why": "City-level results plus a review of the earlier studies."
 },
 {
  "title": "NTIA NTE Economy Report 2024",
  "url": "https://ntia.co.uk/nte-economy-report-2024/",
  "type": "report",
  "topic": "economy",
  "why": "The UK industry's own estimate of the night-time economy."
 },
 {
  "title": "Measuring the Australian Night Time Economy 2019-20",
  "url": "https://www.lordmayors.org/measuring-the-australian-night-time-economy-2019-20/",
  "type": "report",
  "topic": "economy",
  "why": "Australia's national measure of the core night-time economy."
 },
 {
  "title": "NIST: Station Nightclub Fire (2003)",
  "url": "https://www.nist.gov/disaster-failure-studies/station-nightclub-fire-2003",
  "type": "official report",
  "topic": "fire",
  "why": "The federal investigation's summary: timeline, tests and the 12 recommendations."
 },
 {
  "title": "FireRescue1: Station nightclub fire lessons",
  "url": "https://firerescue1.com:443/firefighting-history/articles/station-nightclub-fire-lessons-code-changes-follow-tragedy-VsJH1dv8rXfbtUlG",
  "type": "trade press",
  "topic": "fire",
  "why": "How the 2003 NFPA emergency amendments, prosecutions and settlements followed."
 },
 {
  "title": "FireRescue1: How the Cocoanut Grove fire changed fire safety",
  "url": "https://firerescue1.com/fire-chief/articles/how-the-1942-cocoanut-grove-fire-changed-fire-safety-IEafn8KpZFWjm6HA",
  "type": "trade press",
  "topic": "fire",
  "why": "The list of door, exit and assembly-occupancy rules traced to 1942."
 },
 {
  "title": "Mass General Brigham: Cocoanut Grove and burn care",
  "url": "https://mgriblog.org/2022/11/28/how-the-cocoanut-grove-fire-changed-burn-care-at-mass-general-and-beyond/",
  "type": "hospital history",
  "topic": "fire",
  "why": "How the fire changed burn treatment at MGH."
 },
 {
  "title": "Fire Engineering: Happy Land fire lessons",
  "url": "https://www.fireengineering.com/firefighter-training/happy-land-fire-have-we-learned-the-lessons/",
  "type": "trade press",
  "topic": "fire",
  "why": "What the Bronx fire showed about illegal clubs and enforcement."
 },
 {
  "title": "Electronic Beats: After the fire (Colectiv)",
  "url": "https://www.electronicbeats.net/after-the-fire-how-the-colectiv-tragedy-changed-bucharest/",
  "type": "culture press",
  "topic": "fire",
  "why": "How the Colectiv fire changed Bucharest's clubs and politics."
 },
 {
  "title": "The Warehouse Report (Commission on Chicago Landmarks, 2023)",
  "url": "https://www.chicago.gov/content/dam/city/depts/zlup/Historic_Preservation/Publications/The_Warehouse_Report.pdf",
  "type": "report",
  "topic": "history",
  "why": "The City of Chicago's own history of the club that named house music."
 },
 {
  "title": "Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, section 63",
  "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1994/33/section/63",
  "type": "law",
  "topic": "history",
  "why": "The current statute text behind the 'repetitive beats' rule."
 },
 {
  "title": "Paradise Garage (NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project)",
  "url": "https://www.nyclgbtsites.org/site/paradise-garage/",
  "type": "archive",
  "topic": "history",
  "why": "Site history of the members-only club, with dates and how it operated."
 },
 {
  "title": "Larry Levan and Mel Cheren Collection (NYU Fales Library)",
  "url": "https://findingaids.library.nyu.edu/fales/mss_483/",
  "type": "archive",
  "topic": "history",
  "why": "Archival finding aid for the Garage's resident DJ and backer."
 },
 {
  "title": "Anti-Saloon League (Ohio State University eHistory)",
  "url": "https://prohibition.osu.edu/anti-saloon-league",
  "type": "history",
  "topic": "history",
  "why": "Academic history of the group that drove national Prohibition."
 },
 {
  "title": "July 12, 1979: The Night Disco Died - Or Didn't (NPR)",
  "url": "https://www.npr.org/2016/07/16/485873750/july-12-1979-the-night-disco-died-or-didnt",
  "type": "article",
  "topic": "history",
  "why": "Both sides of the Disco Demolition Night argument, from people who were there."
 },
 {
  "title": "Shoom: an oral history",
  "url": "https://shoom.london/shoom-an-oral-history-of-the-london-club-that-kicked-off-rave-culture/",
  "type": "oral history",
  "topic": "history",
  "why": "How the London acid house night started, in the words of the people who ran it."
 },
 {
  "title": "Stonewall National Monument: Rising for Equality (NPS)",
  "url": "https://www.nps.gov/articles/stonewall-national-monument-rising-for-equality.htm",
  "type": "official",
  "topic": "history",
  "why": "The National Park Service's account of the 1969 uprising and the monument."
 },
 {
  "title": "Dance protest: 30 years of the anti-rave Criminal Justice Bill (DJ Mag)",
  "url": "https://djmag.com/features/dance-protest-30-years-uks-anti-rave-criminal-justice-bill",
  "type": "article",
  "topic": "history",
  "why": "Castlemorton, the 1994 protests and the law's legacy."
 },
 {
  "title": "DC Code 25-723",
  "url": "https://code.dccouncil.gov/us/dc/council/code/sections/25-723",
  "type": "statute",
  "topic": "laws",
  "why": "Weekend, holiday and inauguration hours in one section"
 },
 {
  "title": "City of Chicago late-hour license process",
  "url": "https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/depts/bacp/supp_info/late_hour_liquorlicenseapplicationprocess.html",
  "type": "official guide",
  "topic": "laws",
  "why": "Shows what a later license costs a bar in notice and neighbor consent"
 },
 {
  "title": "NSW Government: end of the lockout laws (2026)",
  "url": "https://www.nsw.gov.au/departments-and-agencies/dciths/ministerial-media-releases/end-of-an-era-last-drinks-for-remaining-lockout-laws",
  "type": "official release",
  "topic": "laws",
  "why": "What was repealed and what stayed"
 },
 {
  "title": "French National Assembly answer on bar and club hours (2010)",
  "url": "https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dyn/13/questions/QANR5L13QE40201",
  "type": "official record",
  "topic": "laws",
  "why": "The legal basis for Paris bar hours and the 7 a.m. club limit"
 },
 {
  "title": "Rossow and Norstrom, Norwegian closing-hours study",
  "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21906198/",
  "type": "research",
  "topic": "laws",
  "why": "The most cited hour-by-hour estimate of violence and trading hours"
 },
 {
  "title": "Kypri on earlier pub closing (The Conversation)",
  "url": "https://theconversation.com/earlier-pub-closing-times-key-to-reducing-alcohol-fuelled-assaults-23829",
  "type": "research summary",
  "topic": "laws",
  "why": "The Newcastle, NSW results behind lockout policy"
 },
 {
  "title": "NPR: how a 1949 meeting led to Berlin's techno scene",
  "url": "https://www.npr.org/transcripts/1121435229",
  "type": "journalism",
  "topic": "laws",
  "why": "How Berlin lost its closing hour"
 },
 {
  "title": "KQED: Brown vetoes the 4 a.m. bill",
  "url": "https://www.kqed.org/arts/13841872/jerry-brown-vetoes-4am-nightlife-bill-for-california-cities",
  "type": "journalism",
  "topic": "laws",
  "why": "The veto message and both sides of California's fight"
 },
 {
  "title": "SBA SVOG Public Report (July 5, 2022)",
  "url": "https://www.sba.gov/sites/sbagov/files/2022-07/SVOG%20Public%20Report%20-%20Midday%205%20July%202022-508_0.pdf",
  "type": "report",
  "topic": "money",
  "why": "Official totals for the US venue grant program."
 },
 {
  "title": "CRS Report R46689: SBA Shuttered Venue Operators Grant",
  "url": "https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/2021-06-17_R46689_cd040556633edd915699afd83ad4f1e1c18fd94d.html",
  "type": "report",
  "topic": "money",
  "why": "Plain-language rules: who qualified and how grants were sized."
 },
 {
  "title": "National Audit Office: Investigation into the Culture Recovery Fund",
  "url": "https://www.nao.org.uk/press-release/investigation-into-the-culture-recovery-fund/",
  "type": "report",
  "topic": "money",
  "why": "Official account of the UK's £1.57 billion fund."
 },
 {
  "title": "GOV.UK: door supervision sector profile",
  "url": "https://gov.uk/government/publications/recruitment-and-retention-in-the-door-supervision-sector/sector-profile-recruitment-and-retention-in-the-door-supervision-sector-web-version",
  "type": "report",
  "topic": "money",
  "why": "Licence numbers, fees, pay and shift lengths for UK door staff."
 },
 {
  "title": "Mixmag 1996 DJ fee investigation (909originals reprint)",
  "url": "https://909originals.com/2021/01/28/money-money-money-has-clubland-gone-too-commercial-november-1996/",
  "type": "article",
  "topic": "money",
  "why": "What top UK DJs charged in 1996, and the fee debate's long history."
 },
 {
  "title": "Digital Music News: Should You Pay To Play?",
  "url": "https://www.digitalmusicnews.com/permalink/2014/04/16/should-you-pay-to-play",
  "type": "article",
  "topic": "money",
  "why": "Worst-to-best list of venue deals with real numbers."
 },
 {
  "title": "VinePair: History of Bottle Service",
  "url": "https://vinepair.com/articles/history-of-bottle-service/",
  "type": "article",
  "topic": "money",
  "why": "How the table went from Paris to New York to Las Vegas."
 },
 {
  "title": "CRC Group on liquor liability costs",
  "url": "https://www.crcgroup.com/Tools-Intel/Specialty-Tools-Intel/last-call-for-coverage-rising-liquor-liability-costs-threaten-bars-restaurants-venues",
  "type": "article",
  "topic": "money",
  "why": "Why bar insurance spiked in some US states."
 },
 {
  "title": "Boston Globe on $600,000 liquor licenses",
  "url": "https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/06/26/business/who-loses-when-liquor-license-boston-sells-600000",
  "type": "article",
  "topic": "money",
  "why": "Why a Boston license can cost more than the room."
 },
 {
  "title": "Understanding and tackling spiking (Home Office)",
  "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/understanding-and-tackling-spiking/report-understanding-and-tackling-spiking-accessible",
  "type": "Government report",
  "topic": "safety",
  "why": "The UK's national spiking figures, lab results and listed measures."
 },
 {
  "title": "Crime and Policing Bill: spiking factsheet (Ministry of Justice)",
  "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/crime-and-policing-bill-2025-factsheets/crime-and-policing-bill-spiking-factsheet-moj",
  "type": "Government factsheet",
  "topic": "safety",
  "why": "What the new UK harmful-substance offence covers."
 },
 {
  "title": "WBUR on the Massachusetts spiking report and test kits",
  "url": "https://www.wbur.org/news/2025/01/13/massachusetts-public-health-drink-spiking-prevention-assault",
  "type": "News",
  "topic": "safety",
  "why": "Both sides of the test-kit debate, plus Boston police counts."
 },
 {
  "title": "The end of the pilot stage (Fiona Measham)",
  "url": "https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/law-and-social-justice/blog/The-End-of-the-Pilot-Stage/",
  "type": "Academic blog",
  "topic": "safety",
  "why": "The history of The Loop and UK drug checking, from its co-founder."
 },
 {
  "title": "Reducing vulnerability within the night-time economy (College of Policing)",
  "url": "https://production.copweb.aws.college.police.uk/support-forces/practices/reducing-vulnerability-within-night-time-economy",
  "type": "Police practice record",
  "topic": "safety",
  "why": "A worked example of welfare officers, an SOS Bus and Street Pastors."
 },
 {
  "title": "Ask for Angela origin story (Hello Rayo)",
  "url": "https://www.hellorayo.co.uk/clyde/uk/news/angela-is-now-saving-other-people-the-lincolnshire-scheme-that-went-global",
  "type": "News",
  "topic": "safety",
  "why": "How the scheme began in Lincolnshire."
 },
 {
  "title": "DanceSafe (Wikipedia)",
  "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DanceSafe",
  "type": "Encyclopedia",
  "topic": "safety",
  "why": "Background on the US harm reduction nonprofit; verify against its own site."
 },
 {
  "title": "WBUR on MBTA late-night service",
  "url": "https://www.wbur.org/news/2025/08/12/mbta-late-night-service-bus-t",
  "type": "News",
  "topic": "safety",
  "why": "What the 2025 weekend extension covers and why the 2014 pilot ended."
 }
]