[
 {
  "term": "24-hour license",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Closing time",
  "definition": "an Amsterdam city permit letting a named venue operate around the clock",
  "section": "laws",
  "source_url": "https://mixmag.net/read/two-new-venues-awarded-24-hour-licenses-in-amsterdam-news"
 },
 {
  "term": "527 CMR",
  "aka": "Massachusetts Comprehensive Fire Safety Code",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "The Massachusetts fire code, which sets crowd manager rules for nightclubs, dance halls, discotheques and bars.",
  "section": "fire",
  "source_url": "https://www.mass.gov/doc/excerptsoffirecode527cmrpdf/download"
 },
 {
  "term": "administering a harmful substance",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "The single UK offence created by the Crime and Policing Act (Royal Assent April 29, 2026) that covers spiking, replacing parts of the Offences against the Person Act 1861.",
  "section": "safety",
  "source_url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/crime-and-policing-bill-2025-factsheets/crime-and-policing-bill-spiking-factsheet-moj"
 },
 {
  "term": "All-alcohol license",
  "aka": "full liquor license",
  "category": "Boston",
  "definition": "A license to sell beer, wine and spirits, as opposed to a wine and malt (beer and wine) license.",
  "section": "boston",
  "source_url": "https://www.boston.gov/node/16238746"
 },
 {
  "term": "Annual entertainment license",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Boston",
  "definition": "A Boston license, issued by MOCAL Entertainment Licensing, for live acts and DJs or for non-live entertainment such as TVs and background music.",
  "section": "boston",
  "source_url": "https://www.boston.gov/permitting/permits/annual-entertainment-license"
 },
 {
  "term": "Anti-Saloon League",
  "aka": "ASL",
  "category": "History",
  "definition": "Single-issue prohibition lobbying group founded in Oberlin, Ohio, in 1893; it drove the Eighteenth Amendment.",
  "section": "history",
  "source_url": "https://prohibition.osu.edu/anti-saloon-league"
 },
 {
  "term": "Ask for Angela",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "A code phrase a person can say to venue staff to get discreet help; created in Lincolnshire, England, in 2016.",
  "section": "safety",
  "source_url": "https://www.hellorayo.co.uk/clyde/uk/news/angela-is-now-saving-other-people-the-lincolnshire-scheme-that-went-global"
 },
 {
  "term": "Assembly occupancy",
  "aka": "place of public assembly",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "A building or room classified for groups gathering, such as a club, bar or theater, and held to stricter fire rules than an office or shop. Nightclubs were reclassified this way after the Cocoanut Grove fire.",
  "section": "fire",
  "source_url": "https://firerescue1.com/fire-chief/articles/how-the-1942-cocoanut-grove-fire-changed-fire-safety-IEafn8KpZFWjm6HA"
 },
 {
  "term": "Balearic beat",
  "aka": "Balearic",
  "category": "History",
  "definition": "The eclectic DJ style developed in 1980s Ibiza by DJs including Alfredo Fiorito.",
  "section": "history",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesia_(nightclub)"
 },
 {
  "term": "Ballroom",
  "aka": "ball culture",
  "category": "Culture",
  "definition": "A competitive performance culture built mainly by Black and Latino LGBTQ+ people in New York, organized into houses.",
  "section": "culture",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_culture"
 },
 {
  "term": "banned list",
  "aka": "banning order list",
  "category": "The door",
  "definition": "A shared list of barred patrons checked by networked ID scanners, as in Queensland.",
  "section": "door",
  "source_url": "https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industries/hospitality-tourism-sport/liquor-gaming/liquor/compliance/security/id-scanners/re-entry"
 },
 {
  "term": "bar minimum",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Money",
  "definition": "A bar-sales target an organizer commits to in place of a rental fee; the organizer pays any shortfall.",
  "section": "money",
  "source_url": "https://university.posh.vip/university/post/how-these-organizers-negotiated-bar-deals-that-made-their-events-profitable"
 },
 {
  "term": "barback",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Money",
  "definition": "Bar assistant who restocks ice, glassware and bottles and clears for bartenders.",
  "section": "money",
  "source_url": "https://pos.toasttab.com/blog/on-the-line/how-much-do-nightclubs-make"
 },
 {
  "term": "Belleville Three",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "History",
  "definition": "Juan Atkins, Derrick May and Kevin Saunderson, the Belleville, Michigan, schoolfriends credited with creating techno.",
  "section": "history",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Belleville_Three"
 },
 {
  "term": "Benefit-cost ratio",
  "aka": "BCR",
  "category": "City and transit",
  "definition": "A project's estimated benefits divided by its costs; the Night Tube case estimated about 2.7 to 1.",
  "section": "economy",
  "source_url": "https://volterra.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Night-Tube-economic-impacts-executive-summary-1.pdf"
 },
 {
  "term": "Berlin-Detroit axis",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "History",
  "definition": "The 1990s link between Detroit techno artists and Berlin clubs, starting with Underground Resistance at Tresor in 1991.",
  "section": "history",
  "source_url": "https://www.redbull.com/gb-en/history-and-evolution-of-techno"
 },
 {
  "term": "BOCSAR",
  "aka": "NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research",
  "category": "Closing time",
  "definition": "the New South Wales statistics bureau that measured the effects of Sydney's lockout laws",
  "section": "laws",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_lockout_laws"
 },
 {
  "term": "bottle service",
  "aka": "table service",
  "category": "Money",
  "definition": "A reserved table that comes with bottles bought at a set, high price, usually against a minimum spend.",
  "section": "money",
  "source_url": "https://vinepair.com/articles/history-of-bottle-service/"
 },
 {
  "term": "bystander training",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "Training venue staff to notice and step in when someone may be at risk; the Massachusetts DPH's preferred measure over test kits (2024).",
  "section": "safety",
  "source_url": "https://www.wbur.org/news/2025/01/13/massachusetts-public-health-drink-spiking-prevention-assault"
 },
 {
  "term": "Cabaret card",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "History",
  "definition": "NYPD permit required of nightclub musicians and workers from 1940 to 1967.",
  "section": "history",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Cabaret_Law"
 },
 {
  "term": "Cabaret law",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "History",
  "definition": "New York City's 1926 rule requiring a license for music, singing or dancing where food or drink was sold; repealed in 2017.",
  "section": "history",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Cabaret_Law"
 },
 {
  "term": "Camera sticker",
  "aka": "phone sticker",
  "category": "Culture",
  "definition": "A small sticker staff put over your phone's camera lenses at the door so photos and video cannot be taken inside.",
  "section": "culture",
  "source_url": "https://mixmag.net/feature/photos-videos-banned-dancefloor-nightclubs"
 },
 {
  "term": "Certificate of occupancy",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "The permit saying a building may be used for a given purpose; Happy Land had none.",
  "section": "fire",
  "source_url": "https://www.fireengineering.com/firefighter-training/happy-land-fire-have-we-learned-the-lessons/"
 },
 {
  "term": "closing time",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Closing time",
  "definition": "the hour after which a licensed venue may no longer sell or serve alcohol; in US statutes usually written as a window when sales are banned, such as 2 a.m. to 8 a.m.",
  "section": "laws",
  "source_url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleXX/Chapter138/Section12"
 },
 {
  "term": "Club night",
  "aka": "party, roving party",
  "category": "Culture",
  "definition": "A recurring party run by a promoter that rents or moves between venues rather than owning a permanent bar.",
  "section": "culture",
  "source_url": "https://www.marketplace.org/story/2024/06/13/gay-bars-closing-queer-nightlife"
 },
 {
  "term": "Clubcommission",
  "aka": "Clubcommission Berlin",
  "category": "Money",
  "definition": "Berlin's association of club operators and promoters.",
  "section": "money",
  "source_url": "https://www.technoairlines.com/blog/berlin-clubs-closing-2026-clubcommission-study"
 },
 {
  "term": "Combat Zone",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Boston",
  "definition": "Boston's official adult entertainment district on lower Washington Street, approved by the Zoning Commission on Nov. 14, 1974.",
  "section": "boston",
  "source_url": "https://bankerandtradesman.com/this-month-in-history-boston-sets-up-the-combat-zone/"
 },
 {
  "term": "Common Victualler license",
  "aka": "CV license",
  "category": "Boston",
  "definition": "A Massachusetts license to serve food to the public; most Boston entertainment license applicants already hold one.",
  "section": "boston",
  "source_url": "https://www.boston.gov/permitting/permits/annual-entertainment-license"
 },
 {
  "term": "comp",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "The door",
  "definition": "A complimentary ticket, or anything a venue or promoter gives away free, such as entry or a drink.",
  "section": "door",
  "source_url": "https://merriam-webster.com/dictionary/comp"
 },
 {
  "term": "Comprehensive Fire Safety Act of 2003",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "Rhode Island's post-Station law: ended grandfathering, required sprinklers by occupancy, low-level exit signs and a near-ban on indoor pyrotechnics.",
  "section": "fire",
  "source_url": "https://www.contractormag.com/piping/fire-sprinklers/article/20877861/ri-passes-fire-sprinkler-retrofit-law"
 },
 {
  "term": "consent decree",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "The door",
  "definition": "A court-approved settlement requiring a business to change its practices.",
  "section": "door",
  "source_url": "https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2006/October/06_crt_741.html"
 },
 {
  "term": "Core night-time economy",
  "aka": "core NTE",
  "category": "City and transit",
  "definition": "A narrower measure covering only food, drink and entertainment businesses, used by Australia's capital-city mayors.",
  "section": "economy",
  "source_url": "https://www.lordmayors.org/measuring-the-australian-night-time-economy-2019-20/"
 },
 {
  "term": "cover",
  "aka": "cover charge",
  "category": "Money",
  "definition": "The entry fee charged at the door of a bar or club.",
  "section": "money",
  "source_url": "https://pos.toasttab.com/blog/on-the-line/how-much-do-nightclubs-make"
 },
 {
  "term": "Crowd crush",
  "aka": "stampede (misnomer)",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "Injury or death from people being compressed in a dense crowd, often with no one running; the cause of death at E2 and in Itaewon.",
  "section": "fire",
  "source_url": "https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/science/chicago-nightclub-stampede"
 },
 {
  "term": "Crowd manager",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "A trained staff member who keeps exits clear, keeps the count under the limit and leads an orderly exit. Massachusetts requires one for venues of 100 or more, plus one per 250 above 250.",
  "section": "fire",
  "source_url": "https://www.mass.gov/doc/excerptsoffirecode527cmrpdf/download"
 },
 {
  "term": "Culture Recovery Fund",
  "aka": "CRF",
  "category": "Money",
  "definition": "UK government's £1.57 billion pandemic support package for arts, culture and heritage, announced July 2020.",
  "section": "money",
  "source_url": "https://www.nao.org.uk/press-release/investigation-into-the-culture-recovery-fund/"
 },
 {
  "term": "DanceSafe",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "US nonprofit (founded 1998, per Wikipedia) that runs harm reduction booths with drug checking at events in the US and Canada.",
  "section": "safety",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DanceSafe"
 },
 {
  "term": "Daypart",
  "aka": "late-night daypart",
  "category": "City and transit",
  "definition": "A restaurant-industry term for a block of the day, such as breakfast or late night, tracked and marketed separately.",
  "section": "economy",
  "source_url": "https://www.restaurantdive.com/news/late-night-traffic-rising-fast-food-chains/691853/"
 },
 {
  "term": "displacement",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Closing time",
  "definition": "when restricting hours in one area pushes drinkers and problems to neighboring areas, as measured around Sydney's lockout zone",
  "section": "laws",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_lockout_laws"
 },
 {
  "term": "door policy",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "The door",
  "definition": "The set of rules, written or not, a venue uses to decide who gets in: ID, sobriety, capacity, dress, group size, guest lists and sometimes crowd fit.",
  "section": "door",
  "source_url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/music/not-tonight-the-mysteries-of-night-club-door-policies-1.2033093"
 },
 {
  "term": "door split",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Money",
  "definition": "An agreed division of door money between the venue and a promoter or artist, for example 70/30.",
  "section": "money",
  "source_url": "https://www.digitalmusicnews.com/permalink/2014/04/16/should-you-pay-to-play"
 },
 {
  "term": "door supervisor",
  "aka": "SIA licence holder",
  "category": "Money",
  "definition": "UK term for licensed door security staff; the SIA licence fee was £190 as of 2023.",
  "section": "money",
  "source_url": "https://gov.uk/government/publications/recruitment-and-retention-in-the-door-supervision-sector/sector-profile-recruitment-and-retention-in-the-door-supervision-sector-web-version"
 },
 {
  "term": "dram shop law",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Money",
  "definition": "US law making a business liable for harm caused by patrons it served while intoxicated or underage; 43 states and DC have one.",
  "section": "money",
  "source_url": "https://www.crcgroup.com/Tools-Intel/Specialty-Tools-Intel/last-call-for-coverage-rising-liquor-liability-costs-threaten-bars-restaurants-venues"
 },
 {
  "term": "Drink cover",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Boston",
  "definition": "A cap or lid for a glass meant to guard against drink spiking; Boston's nightlife office gave 33,000 to 40 bars and clubs in 2024.",
  "section": "boston",
  "source_url": "https://www.boston.gov/departments/nightlife-economy"
 },
 {
  "term": "drug checking",
  "aka": "drug testing service",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "Testing a drug sample and giving the person the result and health information.",
  "section": "safety",
  "source_url": "https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/law-and-social-justice/blog/The-End-of-the-Pilot-Stage/"
 },
 {
  "term": "expenses off the top",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Money",
  "definition": "The venue deducts set costs from door money before splitting the rest.",
  "section": "money",
  "source_url": "https://www.digitalmusicnews.com/permalink/2014/04/16/should-you-pay-to-play"
 },
 {
  "term": "false negative",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "A test result that says a substance is absent when it was present; short half-life drugs and partial-structure test kits can both cause them.",
  "section": "safety",
  "source_url": "https://www.wbur.org/news/2025/01/13/massachusetts-public-health-drink-spiking-prevention-assault"
 },
 {
  "term": "Fire and Building Safety Checklist",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "The daily pre-opening checklist a Massachusetts crowd manager completes, kept on site for a year.",
  "section": "fire",
  "source_url": "https://www.mass.gov/doc/excerptsoffirecode527cmrpdf/download"
 },
 {
  "term": "flat rental",
  "aka": "room hire",
  "category": "Money",
  "definition": "A promoter pays a set fee to rent the room and keeps the door.",
  "section": "money",
  "source_url": "https://www.digitalmusicnews.com/permalink/2014/04/16/should-you-pay-to-play"
 },
 {
  "term": "For-hire vehicle",
  "aka": "FHV",
  "category": "City and transit",
  "definition": "New York term for app-based ride-hail and other car services that are not yellow or green taxis.",
  "section": "economy",
  "source_url": "https://www.nyc.gov/site/mome/news/01242019-nightlife-study.page"
 },
 {
  "term": "Free party",
  "aka": "free festival",
  "category": "History",
  "definition": "An unlicensed, usually outdoor rave with no entry fee, such as Castlemorton Common in May 1992.",
  "section": "history",
  "source_url": "https://djmag.com/features/dance-protest-30-years-uks-anti-rave-criminal-justice-bill"
 },
 {
  "term": "FTIR",
  "aka": "infrared spectroscopy",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "A lab method used in drug checking; some chemists and medics have questioned its suitability for the job.",
  "section": "safety",
  "source_url": "https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/law-and-social-justice/blog/The-End-of-the-Pilot-Stage/"
 },
 {
  "term": "Fueiho",
  "aka": "entertainment-business law",
  "category": "Closing time",
  "definition": "Japan's postwar entertainment-business law, which treated dance clubs as adult entertainment with a curfew until a 2016 amendment",
  "section": "laws",
  "source_url": "https://factmag.com/2016/06/23/japan-clubs-now-able-to-open-till-5am-after-67-year-old-law-lifted"
 },
 {
  "term": "Gay bar",
  "aka": "queer bar",
  "category": "Culture",
  "definition": "A bar serving an LGBTQ+ crowd; historically one of the first semi-public spaces for queer community in the US.",
  "section": "culture",
  "source_url": "https://digitalcommons.oberlin.edu/faculty_schol/4288"
 },
 {
  "term": "GHB",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "A drug often linked to spiking; it leaves the body quickly, which can produce false-negative tests. Moved to Class B in the UK in April 2022.",
  "section": "safety",
  "source_url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/understanding-and-tackling-spiking/report-understanding-and-tackling-spiking-accessible"
 },
 {
  "term": "go-cup",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Closing time",
  "definition": "a plastic cup for carrying a drink out of a New Orleans bar onto the street",
  "section": "laws",
  "source_url": "https://liquorlicensecost.com/guides/louisiana-liquor-license-guide"
 },
 {
  "term": "Good Night Out",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "A UK campaign that the Home Office lists among the anti-spiking schemes it funds.",
  "section": "safety",
  "source_url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/understanding-and-tackling-spiking/report-understanding-and-tackling-spiking-accessible"
 },
 {
  "term": "Grandfathering",
  "aka": "grandfather clause",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "Letting existing buildings keep operating under the older code rules they were built to. NIST recommended ending it for nightclubs after The Station.",
  "section": "fire",
  "source_url": "https://www.nist.gov/disaster-failure-studies/station-nightclub-fire-2003"
 },
 {
  "term": "Gross value added",
  "aka": "GVA",
  "category": "City and transit",
  "definition": "The value an industry adds to the economy, roughly what it sells minus what it buys to make it.",
  "section": "economy",
  "source_url": "https://www.businessldn.co.uk/sites/default/files/documents/2018-05/Londons-24-hour-economy.pdf"
 },
 {
  "term": "guarantee",
  "aka": "flat fee",
  "category": "Money",
  "definition": "A fixed fee paid to an artist or promoter regardless of turnout.",
  "section": "money",
  "source_url": "https://www.digitalmusicnews.com/permalink/2014/04/16/should-you-pay-to-play"
 },
 {
  "term": "guarantee vs percentage",
  "aka": "versus deal",
  "category": "Money",
  "definition": "The artist gets a fixed fee or a share of the door, whichever is greater.",
  "section": "money",
  "source_url": "https://www.digitalmusicnews.com/permalink/2014/04/16/should-you-pay-to-play"
 },
 {
  "term": "guest list",
  "aka": "the list",
  "category": "The door",
  "definition": "Pre-registered names given reduced or free entry, usually before a cut-off time; not a guarantee of entry.",
  "section": "door",
  "source_url": "https://draisgroup.com/las-vegas/faq"
 },
 {
  "term": "guest list promoter",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Money",
  "definition": "A promoter paid per person they bring through the door.",
  "section": "money",
  "source_url": "https://www.feelingvegas.com/how-do-las-vegas-promoters-work/"
 },
 {
  "term": "Happy hour ban",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Boston",
  "definition": "The 1984 Massachusetts rule barring free or discounted drinks, unlimited-drink specials, jumbo drinks at regular price and pitchers for fewer than two people.",
  "section": "boston",
  "source_url": "https://www.axios.com/local/boston/2023/06/20/boston-happy-hour-history-ban"
 },
 {
  "term": "harm reduction",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "Policies aimed at reducing harm from drug use rather than only stopping use.",
  "section": "safety",
  "source_url": "https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/law-and-social-justice/blog/The-End-of-the-Pilot-Stage/"
 },
 {
  "term": "Headliner",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Culture",
  "definition": "The main billed DJ or act, usually placed at the peak of the night; openers are expected not to play the headliner's music.",
  "section": "culture",
  "source_url": "https://magneticmag.com/2019/03/artist-advice-etiquette-for-opening-djs/"
 },
 {
  "term": "Home rule petition",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Boston",
  "definition": "A city's request asking the state Legislature to pass a law that applies only to that city; Boston uses it to seek more licenses or later hours.",
  "section": "boston",
  "source_url": "https://www.bostonmagazine.com/?p=1341871"
 },
 {
  "term": "House",
  "aka": "ballroom house",
  "category": "Culture",
  "definition": "A chosen-family group in ballroom, led by a mother or father, that competes together at balls.",
  "section": "culture",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_culture"
 },
 {
  "term": "House music",
  "aka": "house",
  "category": "History",
  "definition": "Dance music named for, and traced to, Chicago's Warehouse club, 1977-1982.",
  "section": "history",
  "source_url": "https://www.chicago.gov/content/dam/city/depts/zlup/Historic_Preservation/Publications/The_Warehouse_Report.pdf"
 },
 {
  "term": "ID scanner",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "The door",
  "definition": "A device that reads the barcode on an ID to check age and authenticity, and can capture name, address and date of birth.",
  "section": "door",
  "source_url": "https://www.eff.org/files/2026/06/26/201720180ab2769_senate_floor_analyses_1.pdf"
 },
 {
  "term": "Induced impact",
  "aka": "multiplier effect",
  "category": "City and transit",
  "definition": "Extra spending and jobs created as nightlife wages and purchases ripple through the rest of the economy.",
  "section": "economy",
  "source_url": "https://www.businessldn.co.uk/sites/default/files/documents/2018-05/Londons-24-hour-economy.pdf"
 },
 {
  "term": "ladies' night",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "The door",
  "definition": "A promotion giving women free or cheaper entry; unlawful in California since Koire (1985), upheld in some other states.",
  "section": "door",
  "source_url": "https://scocal.stanford.edu/opinion/koire-v-metro-car-wash-28485"
 },
 {
  "term": "last call",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Closing time",
  "definition": "the final chance to order before service legally ends, usually a few minutes before closing time",
  "section": "laws",
  "source_url": "https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/depts/bacp/supp_info/late_hour_liquorlicenseapplicationprocess.html"
 },
 {
  "term": "Last drinks",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "City and transit",
  "definition": "The cutoff time for serving alcohol, which can come before the venue closes.",
  "section": "economy",
  "source_url": "https://bocsar.nsw.gov.au/research-evaluations/2019/bb142-the-effect-of-lockout-and-last-drinks-laws-on-non-domestic-assaults-in-sydney.html"
 },
 {
  "term": "Late Night T",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Boston",
  "definition": "The MBTA's 2014-2016 pilot of weekend subway and bus service until about 2:30 a.m., ended by a 4-0 board vote in 2016.",
  "section": "boston",
  "source_url": "https://www.wgbh.org/news/politics/2016-02-29/back-to-the-midnight-ride-mbta-kills-late-night-service"
 },
 {
  "term": "late-hour license",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Closing time",
  "definition": "a Chicago license that extends service from the standard 2 a.m. to 4 a.m. (5 a.m. Sunday), with neighbor notice and sometimes a voter petition",
  "section": "laws",
  "source_url": "https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/depts/bacp/supp_info/late_hour_liquorlicenseapplicationprocess.html"
 },
 {
  "term": "late-hours certificate",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Closing time",
  "definition": "a Texas permit allowing service until 2 a.m. instead of the midnight default",
  "section": "laws",
  "source_url": "https://startbusinessbystate.com/?p=19957"
 },
 {
  "term": "Lei Kiss",
  "aka": "Law 13.425/2017",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "Brazil's 2017 national law on fire prevention in places of public assembly, passed after the Kiss nightclub fire, signed with 12 vetoes.",
  "section": "fire",
  "source_url": "https://diariodonordeste.verdesmares.com.br/ultima-hora/pais/lei-kiss-e-sancionada-por-temer-com-12-vetos-1.1730801"
 },
 {
  "term": "Lesbian Bar Project",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Culture",
  "definition": "A campaign launched in 2020 by filmmakers Erica Rose and Elina Street to count and support lesbian bars in the US.",
  "section": "culture",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian_Bar_Project"
 },
 {
  "term": "licence freeze",
  "aka": "moratorium",
  "category": "Closing time",
  "definition": "a halt on new late-night licences in a defined area, as in inner Melbourne since 2008 for trading past 1 a.m.",
  "section": "laws",
  "source_url": "https://premier.vic.gov.au/freeze-on-late-night-liquor-licences-extended"
 },
 {
  "term": "Licensing Act 2003",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Closing time",
  "definition": "the England and Wales law, in force Nov. 24, 2005, that replaced fixed pub hours with premises-by-premises licences set by councils",
  "section": "laws",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensing_Act_2003"
 },
 {
  "term": "Licensing Board for the City of Boston",
  "aka": "Boston Licensing Board",
  "category": "Boston",
  "definition": "The three-member board that grants, transfers and disciplines alcohol licenses in Boston; governor-appointed from 1906, mayor-appointed since the 2014 law.",
  "section": "boston",
  "source_url": "https://www.bmrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/licensing712.pdf"
 },
 {
  "term": "licensing objectives",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Closing time",
  "definition": "the four tests under the Licensing Act 2003: crime and disorder, public safety, public nuisance and protecting children from harm; Scotland adds public health",
  "section": "laws",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensing_Act_2003"
 },
 {
  "term": "liquor liability insurance",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Money",
  "definition": "Insurance covering claims that arise from serving alcohol.",
  "section": "money",
  "source_url": "https://www.crcgroup.com/Tools-Intel/Specialty-Tools-Intel/last-call-for-coverage-rising-liquor-liability-costs-threaten-bars-restaurants-venues"
 },
 {
  "term": "Living Wage",
  "aka": "London Living Wage, Real Living Wage",
  "category": "City and transit",
  "definition": "A voluntary UK pay benchmark based on living costs, used to measure low pay among night workers.",
  "section": "economy",
  "source_url": "https://data.london.gov.uk/blog/london-at-night-an-updated-evidence-base-for-a-24-hour-city"
 },
 {
  "term": "local option",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Closing time",
  "definition": "a state ceiling on hours with cities, counties or licensing boards setting actual hours inside it",
  "section": "laws",
  "source_url": "https://startbusinessbystate.com/?p=19957"
 },
 {
  "term": "lockout",
  "aka": "lock-out",
  "category": "Closing time",
  "definition": "a rule that bars new customers from entering after a set time while people already inside can stay until closing, as in Sydney from 2014 to 2021",
  "section": "laws",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_lockout_laws"
 },
 {
  "term": "Loft party",
  "aka": "The Loft",
  "category": "History",
  "definition": "Private, invitation-style dance party after David Mancuso's Loft, which began February 14, 1970, in New York.",
  "section": "history",
  "source_url": "https://ra.co/news/37280"
 },
 {
  "term": "Low-level exit sign",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "An exit sign mounted near the floor, below smoke; required by Rhode Island's 2003 law in clubs of 150 or more.",
  "section": "fire",
  "source_url": "https://www.contractormag.com/piping/fire-sprinklers/article/20877861/ri-passes-fire-sprinkler-retrofit-law"
 },
 {
  "term": "Means of egress",
  "aka": "egress",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "The whole path out of a building - corridor, door, stairs - to the outside.",
  "section": "fire",
  "source_url": "https://idighardware.com/2019/11/nfpa-learn-something-new-cocoanut-grove/"
 },
 {
  "term": "Members-only club",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "History",
  "definition": "A club open to members rather than the general public; the Paradise Garage used this model and served no alcohol, so it could run past bar hours.",
  "section": "history",
  "source_url": "https://www.nyclgbtsites.org/site/paradise-garage/"
 },
 {
  "term": "minimum spend",
  "aka": "table minimum",
  "category": "Money",
  "definition": "The amount a table or private party must spend on food and drink; if it is missed, the party pays the difference.",
  "section": "money",
  "source_url": "https://squaremeal.co.uk/event-party-venues/industry-insight/what-is-a-minimum-spend-at-a-venue_10107"
 },
 {
  "term": "MOCAL",
  "aka": "Mayor's Office of Consumer Affairs and Licensing",
  "category": "Boston",
  "definition": "The Boston office whose Entertainment Licensing unit issues entertainment licenses, separate from the alcohol Licensing Board.",
  "section": "boston",
  "source_url": "https://www.boston.gov/permitting/permits/annual-entertainment-license"
 },
 {
  "term": "needle spiking",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "Spiking by injection rather than in a drink; UK police recorded 957 reports from May 2022 to April 2023.",
  "section": "safety",
  "source_url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/understanding-and-tackling-spiking/report-understanding-and-tackling-spiking-accessible"
 },
 {
  "term": "NFPA 101",
  "aka": "Life Safety Code",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "The National Fire Protection Association's model code for life safety in buildings; it binds only where a state or city adopts it. Its 2006 edition made nightclub sprinkler rules permanent.",
  "section": "fire",
  "source_url": "https://www.fireengineering.com/fire-safety/nfpa-key-safety-codes-to-require-fire-sprinklers-in-all-nursing-homes-new-dwellings-and-many-nightclubs"
 },
 {
  "term": "NFPA 13",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "The standard for installing sprinkler systems. An NFPA 13 system controlled the fire in NIST's Station mock-up.",
  "section": "fire",
  "source_url": "https://www.nist.gov/disaster-failure-studies/station-nightclub-fire-2003"
 },
 {
  "term": "NFPA 5000",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "NFPA's model building code; its 2006 edition carried the same nightclub sprinkler rules as NFPA 101.",
  "section": "fire",
  "source_url": "https://www.fireengineering.com/fire-safety/nfpa-key-safety-codes-to-require-fire-sprinklers-in-all-nursing-homes-new-dwellings-and-many-nightclubs"
 },
 {
  "term": "Nichtraucherschutzgesetz",
  "aka": "Berlin non-smoker protection law",
  "category": "Culture",
  "definition": "Berlin's smoking law, in force January 1, 2008, banning smoking in pubs, discotheques and clubs except in enclosed designated rooms.",
  "section": "culture",
  "source_url": "https://www.berlin.de/lb/drogen-sucht/gesetze/nichtraucherschutzgesetz/berliner-nichtraucherschutzgesetz/"
 },
 {
  "term": "Night mayor",
  "aka": "night czar, nightlife office",
  "category": "City and transit",
  "definition": "A city post or office that represents the after-dark economy inside government, such as New York's Office of Nightlife.",
  "section": "economy",
  "source_url": "https://www.nyc.gov/site/mome/news/01242019-nightlife-study.page"
 },
 {
  "term": "Night Tube",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "City and transit",
  "definition": "London Underground's all-night Friday and Saturday service on selected lines, launched 19 August 2016.",
  "section": "economy",
  "source_url": "https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/night-tube-services-will-launch-on-19-august"
 },
 {
  "term": "Night-time economy",
  "aka": "NTE",
  "category": "City and transit",
  "definition": "All economic activity in a set night window, often 6 p.m. to 6 a.m., as defined by New York and London studies.",
  "section": "economy",
  "source_url": "https://www.nyc.gov/site/mome/news/01242019-nightlife-study.page"
 },
 {
  "term": "Nightlife Commission",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "City and transit",
  "definition": "London's planned independent body for nightlife, recommended by the 2026 taskforce and launching later in 2026.",
  "section": "economy",
  "source_url": "https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/publications/2026/jan/london-nightlife-taskforce"
 },
 {
  "term": "No-photo policy",
  "aka": "no-phones-on-the-dancefloor rule",
  "category": "Culture",
  "definition": "A club rule banning photography and filming on the dancefloor, usually enforced by a warning first and ejection for repeat offenders.",
  "section": "culture",
  "source_url": "https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/65996/1/could-phone-free-clubs-save-nightlife-dancefloor-ambers-manchester-berlin"
 },
 {
  "term": "Non-fire-retarded polyurethane foam",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "Flexible foam without fire retardant, used as acoustic lining; it ignited within 10 seconds of a pyrotechnic in NIST tests.",
  "section": "fire",
  "source_url": "https://www.nist.gov/disaster-failure-studies/station-nightclub-fire-2003"
 },
 {
  "term": "Non-transferable license",
  "aka": "restricted license",
  "category": "Boston",
  "definition": "A license that cannot be sold and goes back to the Licensing Board when the business no longer needs it; free from the city under the 2024 law.",
  "section": "boston",
  "source_url": "https://www.boston.gov/node/16238746"
 },
 {
  "term": "NTIA",
  "aka": "Night Time Industries Association",
  "category": "Money",
  "definition": "UK trade body for nightclubs and late-night businesses.",
  "section": "money",
  "source_url": "https://mixmag.net/read/april-tax-nightclubs-closing-statistics-ntia-autumn-budget-news"
 },
 {
  "term": "Occupant load",
  "aka": "capacity",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "The most people a space is legally allowed to hold, based on floor area and exits; the number on the capacity placard.",
  "section": "fire",
  "source_url": "https://www.britannica.com/print/article/2090142"
 },
 {
  "term": "Offences against the Person Act 1861",
  "aka": "OAPA",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "The Victorian-era UK statute whose relevant parts the new harmful-substance offence replaces.",
  "section": "safety",
  "source_url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/crime-and-policing-bill-2025-factsheets/crime-and-policing-bill-spiking-factsheet-moj"
 },
 {
  "term": "Office of Nightlife",
  "aka": "night mayor",
  "category": "History",
  "definition": "New York City office created in September 2017, run by a night mayor, with a 12-member advisory board.",
  "section": "history",
  "source_url": "https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2017/11/01/city-council-overwhelmingly-votes-to-repeal-nycs-racist-cabaret-law/"
 },
 {
  "term": "Office of Nightlife Economy",
  "aka": "nightlife czar",
  "category": "Boston",
  "definition": "Boston's city office for nighttime economy programs, set up in spring 2023 and led by Director Corean Reynolds.",
  "section": "boston",
  "source_url": "https://www.boston.gov/departments/nightlife-economy"
 },
 {
  "term": "Outward-swinging exit door",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "An exit door that opens in the direction of travel so a pressing crowd can push it open; required after the Cocoanut Grove fire.",
  "section": "fire",
  "source_url": "https://firerescue1.com/fire-chief/articles/how-the-1942-cocoanut-grove-fire-changed-fire-safety-IEafn8KpZFWjm6HA"
 },
 {
  "term": "pass-back",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "The door",
  "definition": "Passing an ID, stamp or wristband back to someone outside so a second person can use it to get in; some ID-scanner systems sell \"anti-passback\" alerts that flag the same ID scanned twice.",
  "section": "door",
  "source_url": "https://idscanner.com/anti-passback"
 },
 {
  "term": "pay to play",
  "aka": "ticket presale",
  "category": "Money",
  "definition": "A deal where acts buy tickets upfront and must resell them.",
  "section": "money",
  "source_url": "https://www.digitalmusicnews.com/permalink/2014/04/16/should-you-pay-to-play"
 },
 {
  "term": "Place of Assembly permit",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Boston",
  "definition": "A Boston permit required for a space holding 49 or more people, alongside an entertainment license.",
  "section": "boston",
  "source_url": "https://www.boston.gov/permitting/permits/annual-entertainment-license"
 },
 {
  "term": "Population quota",
  "aka": "license cap",
  "category": "Boston",
  "definition": "The post-Prohibition system, created in 1933, that sets how many alcohol licenses a Massachusetts city or town may issue based on census population.",
  "section": "boston",
  "source_url": "https://static1.squarespace.com/static/6596c4be0f62261a6a63f1c8/t/65a977f880138173ccbf2d8f/1705605114170/OFS+Liquor+License+Report.pdf"
 },
 {
  "term": "pour cost",
  "aka": "liquor cost",
  "category": "Money",
  "definition": "The cost of the liquor in a drink as a percentage of its menu price; vendor guidance (2025) puts liquor at roughly 15-20%.",
  "section": "money",
  "source_url": "https://www.sculpturehospitality.com/blog/what-is-the-average-liquor-cost-for-a-bar"
 },
 {
  "term": "premises licence",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Closing time",
  "definition": "the single licence under the Licensing Act 2003 that sets a venue's permitted hours and activities",
  "section": "laws",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensing_Act_2003"
 },
 {
  "term": "pretext",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "The door",
  "definition": "A stated reason, such as a dress code or 'we're full', used to hide a discriminatory one.",
  "section": "door",
  "source_url": "https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2006/October/06_crt_741.html"
 },
 {
  "term": "Prohibition",
  "aka": "Eighteenth Amendment",
  "category": "History",
  "definition": "The US national ban on alcohol, in effect January 17, 1920, to December 5, 1933.",
  "section": "history",
  "source_url": "https://britannica.com/topic/Eighteenth-Amendment"
 },
 {
  "term": "public accommodation",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "The door",
  "definition": "A business open to the public, such as a nightclub, covered by anti-discrimination law.",
  "section": "door",
  "source_url": "https://www.nyc.gov/site/cchr/law/hair-discrimination-legal-guidance.page"
 },
 {
  "term": "Raucherraum",
  "aka": "smoking room",
  "category": "Culture",
  "definition": "A fully closed-off, designated room inside a Berlin venue where smoking is legally allowed.",
  "section": "culture",
  "source_url": "https://www.berlin.de/lb/drogen-sucht/gesetze/nichtraucherschutzgesetz/berliner-nichtraucherschutzgesetz/"
 },
 {
  "term": "RAVE Act",
  "aka": "Illicit Drug Anti-Proliferation Act",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "US federal law whose provisions can make event organizers and venue owners liable for drug use at their events, as reported.",
  "section": "safety",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DanceSafe"
 },
 {
  "term": "re-entry stamp",
  "aka": "hand stamp",
  "category": "The door",
  "definition": "An ink mark or wristband showing a patron already paid and was checked, so they can return.",
  "section": "door",
  "source_url": "https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industries/hospitality-tourism-sport/liquor-gaming/liquor/compliance/security/id-scanners/re-entry"
 },
 {
  "term": "reasonable reliance",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "The door",
  "definition": "Massachusetts protection for a licensee who reasonably relied on an ID that turned out to be fake.",
  "section": "door",
  "source_url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleXX/Chapter138/Section34B"
 },
 {
  "term": "Repetitive beats",
  "aka": "section 63",
  "category": "History",
  "definition": "The UK Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994's definition of music at outdoor night-time gatherings police can act against.",
  "section": "history",
  "source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1994/33/section/63"
 },
 {
  "term": "Revolving door rule",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "After the Cocoanut Grove, revolving doors must fold flat or be flanked by conventional swinging doors, depending on occupant load.",
  "section": "fire",
  "source_url": "https://firerescue1.com/fire-chief/articles/how-the-1942-cocoanut-grove-fire-changed-fire-safety-IEafn8KpZFWjm6HA"
 },
 {
  "term": "rider",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Money",
  "definition": "Contract add-on listing an artist's technical and hospitality requirements.",
  "section": "money",
  "source_url": "https://909originals.com/2021/01/28/money-money-money-has-clubland-gone-too-commercial-november-1996/"
 },
 {
  "term": "Saloon",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "History",
  "definition": "A pre-Prohibition American bar, largely men-only, that the temperance movement targeted by name.",
  "section": "history",
  "source_url": "https://www.cbsnews.com/news/prohibition-americas-failed-noble-experiment"
 },
 {
  "term": "Second summer of love",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "History",
  "definition": "The 1988 UK club boom that followed London DJs' 1987 trip to Ibiza.",
  "section": "history",
  "source_url": "https://www.pressreader.com/usa/the-guardian-usa/20230524/282093461106108"
 },
 {
  "term": "Section 12 license",
  "aka": "on-premises license",
  "category": "Boston",
  "definition": "A Massachusetts license to sell alcohol for drinking on the premises, under MGL Chapter 138, Section 12; no sales 2 a.m. to 8 a.m.",
  "section": "boston",
  "source_url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleXX/Chapter138/Section12"
 },
 {
  "term": "secular day",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Closing time",
  "definition": "Massachusetts legal term for any day other than Sunday, used in the 2 a.m. closing rule",
  "section": "laws",
  "source_url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleXX/Chapter138/Section12"
 },
 {
  "term": "selector",
  "aka": "door picker",
  "category": "The door",
  "definition": "At curated clubs, the door staff member who decides who enters, separate from security.",
  "section": "door",
  "source_url": "https://www.bath.ac.uk/announcements/study-reveals-the-elusive-paradox-of-gaining-entry-to-berlins-techno-clubs/"
 },
 {
  "term": "SIA licence",
  "aka": "Security Industry Authority licence",
  "category": "The door",
  "definition": "UK licence required for door supervisors under the Private Security Industry Act 2001; £190 and valid three years as listed in 2026.",
  "section": "door",
  "source_url": "https://www.regulated-professions.service.gov.uk/professions/door-supervisor"
 },
 {
  "term": "Sober party",
  "aka": "alcohol-free night",
  "category": "Culture",
  "definition": "A dance event with no alcohol served, such as the 'sugar free' Sunday edition of a Berlin party reported in 2025.",
  "section": "culture",
  "source_url": "https://www.magzter.com/fr/stories/newspaper/The-Observer/BERLIN-CLUBS-KICK-THE-DRUG-HABIT-AS-SOBER-NIGHTS-LURE-THE-CROWDS"
 },
 {
  "term": "Social district",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Boston",
  "definition": "A designated area where people can carry open drinks bought from participating businesses; Boston piloted one at Temple Place in 2023 and 2024.",
  "section": "boston",
  "source_url": "https://www.boston.gov/departments/nightlife-economy"
 },
 {
  "term": "Soft clubbing",
  "aka": "day party",
  "category": "Culture",
  "definition": "Dance events held earlier in the day or evening, often with little or no alcohol.",
  "section": "culture",
  "source_url": "https://mixmagmena.com/feature/late-night-events-are-declining-globally"
 },
 {
  "term": "SOS Bus",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "A parked bus used as an outreach and welfare point in a nightlife district.",
  "section": "safety",
  "source_url": "https://production.copweb.aws.college.police.uk/support-forces/practices/reducing-vulnerability-within-night-time-economy"
 },
 {
  "term": "Speakeasy",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "History",
  "definition": "An illegal bar during Prohibition; unlike the saloon, it drew men and women alike.",
  "section": "history",
  "source_url": "https://www.cbsnews.com/news/prohibition-americas-failed-noble-experiment"
 },
 {
  "term": "Sperrstunde",
  "aka": "closing hour",
  "category": "Closing time",
  "definition": "German for closing hour, a curfew on bars and restaurants; West Berlin abolished it in June 1949",
  "section": "laws",
  "source_url": "https://www.npr.org/transcripts/1121435229"
 },
 {
  "term": "spiking",
  "aka": "drink spiking, needle spiking",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "Giving someone alcohol or drugs without their knowledge, in a drink or by needle.",
  "section": "safety",
  "source_url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/understanding-and-tackling-spiking/report-understanding-and-tackling-spiking-accessible"
 },
 {
  "term": "Staggered closing",
  "aka": "flexible hours",
  "category": "City and transit",
  "definition": "Letting venues close at different times so crowds do not all reach the street at once; the aim of England and Wales's 2005 reform.",
  "section": "economy",
  "source_url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/written-ministerial-statement-by-andy-burnham-on-the-evaluation-of-the-impact-of-the-licensing-act-2003"
 },
 {
  "term": "Stonewall National Monument",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Culture",
  "definition": "The US national monument designated June 24, 2016 by Proclamation 9465, marking the 1969 Stonewall Inn raid and riot.",
  "section": "culture",
  "source_url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/DCPD-201600424/pdf/DCPD-201600424.pdf"
 },
 {
  "term": "Street Pastors",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "Volunteers who patrol nightlife areas on high-risk nights in the UK.",
  "section": "safety",
  "source_url": "https://production.copweb.aws.college.police.uk/support-forces/practices/reducing-vulnerability-within-night-time-economy"
 },
 {
  "term": "Superclub",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "History",
  "definition": "Informal name for the large, branded, licensed 1990s clubs, such as Ministry of Sound and Cream, that grew into labels and festivals.",
  "section": "history",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Sound"
 },
 {
  "term": "SVOG",
  "aka": "Shuttered Venue Operators Grant",
  "category": "Money",
  "definition": "US federal venue aid program created in December 2020; $14.57 billion awarded by July 2022.",
  "section": "money",
  "source_url": "https://www.sba.gov/sites/sbagov/files/2022-07/SVOG%20Public%20Report%20-%20Midday%205%20July%202022-508_0.pdf"
 },
 {
  "term": "Tavern",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Boston",
  "definition": "A specific Massachusetts license category, not a casual word for a bar; taverns must close from 1 a.m. to 8 a.m.",
  "section": "boston",
  "source_url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleXX/Chapter138/Section12"
 },
 {
  "term": "Techno",
  "aka": "Detroit techno",
  "category": "History",
  "definition": "Electronic dance music developed in 1980s Detroit; the name was popularized by a 1988 UK compilation.",
  "section": "history",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno!_The_New_Dance_Sound_of_Detroit"
 },
 {
  "term": "Temperance movement",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "History",
  "definition": "The campaign to reduce, then ban, alcohol consumption; in the US it grew from 1870s women's protests outside saloons.",
  "section": "history",
  "source_url": "https://www.npr.org/transcripts/140956498"
 },
 {
  "term": "Tentative interim amendment",
  "aka": "TIA",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "An emergency change NFPA makes to a code between editions; NFPA used TIAs in July 2003 to require nightclub sprinklers and crowd managers.",
  "section": "fire",
  "source_url": "https://firerescue1.com:443/firefighting-history/articles/station-nightclub-fire-lessons-code-changes-follow-tragedy-VsJH1dv8rXfbtUlG"
 },
 {
  "term": "The Loop",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "UK nonprofit that opened the first Home Office-licensed regular drug checking service, in Bristol, in January 2024.",
  "section": "safety",
  "source_url": "https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/law-and-social-justice/blog/The-End-of-the-Pilot-Stage/"
 },
 {
  "term": "Title II",
  "aka": "Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title II",
  "category": "The door",
  "definition": "US federal law barring race, color, religion and national-origin discrimination in covered places of entertainment; injunctions only, no damages.",
  "section": "door",
  "source_url": "https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/hce/title2.php"
 },
 {
  "term": "Transferable license",
  "aka": "unrestricted license",
  "category": "Boston",
  "definition": "An alcohol license the holder can sell to another business; scarce in Boston and reported in 2025 to resell for up to about $600,000.",
  "section": "boston",
  "source_url": "https://www.bostonglobe.com/2025/02/13/business/boston-issues-36-new-liquor-licenses-restaurants-community-groups-mattapan-east-boston"
 },
 {
  "term": "Voguing",
  "aka": "vogue",
  "category": "Culture",
  "definition": "A dance style that developed in Harlem ballrooms.",
  "section": "culture",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_culture"
 },
 {
  "term": "Walking a category",
  "aka": "walk",
  "category": "Culture",
  "definition": "Competing at a ball in a themed category whose rules are set by the promoter.",
  "section": "culture",
  "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_culture"
 },
 {
  "term": "walkout deal",
  "aka": "walk-out",
  "category": "Money",
  "definition": "Informal term for a deal where a promoter or artist leaves with an agreed share of the night's take; no trade definition verified.",
  "section": "money",
  "source_url": "https://www.digitalmusicnews.com/permalink/2014/04/16/should-you-pay-to-play"
 },
 {
  "term": "Warm-up set",
  "aka": "opening set",
  "category": "Culture",
  "definition": "The first DJ set of the night, meant to build the room gradually in tempo and volume without peaking it before later acts.",
  "section": "culture",
  "source_url": "https://subclub.co.uk/?p=3326"
 },
 {
  "term": "welfare officer",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Safety and codes",
  "definition": "A staff member placed in a venue or nightlife district to look after people who are drunk, lost or vulnerable.",
  "section": "safety",
  "source_url": "https://production.copweb.aws.college.police.uk/support-forces/practices/reducing-vulnerability-within-night-time-economy"
 },
 {
  "term": "Wine and malt license",
  "aka": "beer and wine license",
  "category": "Boston",
  "definition": "A license limited to beer and wine; under the 2024 Boston law holders may trade up to a non-transferable all-alcohol license.",
  "section": "boston",
  "source_url": "https://www.boston.gov/node/16238746"
 },
 {
  "term": "Women's Night Safety Charter",
  "aka": "",
  "category": "Culture",
  "definition": "A London pledge for venues and businesses on women's safety at night, with more than 650 signatories as of 2022.",
  "section": "culture",
  "source_url": "https://timeout.com/london/nightlife/meet-the-people-trying-to-make-london-nightlife-safer-in-2022"
 }
]